1. EAP 6 HOMEWORK CHECK

2. G If you look around you at the men and women whom you can call happy, you will see that they have certain things in common. The most important of these things is being involved in an activity which is not only enjoyable in itself but also leads to something coming into existence. Thus women who take an instinctive pleasure in their children can get this kind of satisfaction from bringing up a family. Artists and authors and men of science get happiness in this way if their own work seems good to them. But there are many humbler forms of the same kind of pleasure. Many men who spend their working life in the city devote their weekends to voluntary toil in their gardens, and when the spring comes they experience all the joys of having created beauty. (from an article by Bertrand Russell)

3. If you look around you at the men and women whom you can call happy, you will see that they have certain things in common. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT The most important of these things is being involved in an activity which is not only enjoyable in itself but also leads to something coming into existence. TOPIC SENTENCE Thus women who take an instinctive pleasure in their children can get this kind of satisfaction from bringing up a family. EXAMPLE Artists and authors and men of science get happiness in this way if their own work seems good to them. FURTHER EXAMPLE But there are many humbler forms of the same kind of pleasure. MODIFYING MAIN IDEA Many men who spend their working life in the city devote their weekends to voluntary toil in their gardens, and when the spring comes they experience all the joys of having created beauty. EXAMPLE TO SUPPORT MODIFICATION

4. H If we compare a piece of written English with a piece of spoken English, regarding them simply as physical objects or events, it appears that they are not at all similar. The piece of written English consists of small black marks on a white surface while the piece of spoken English consists of a series of varying noises. It would hardly be possible for two things to be more different. However, when we remember that both of them convey meaning, we realise that both are equally English. We have, in fact, drawn a distinction between language and medium. We have recognised that the piece of written English and the piece of spoken English are the same language embodied in different mediums, one consisting of shapes, the other of sounds.

5. If we compare a piece of written English with a piece of spoken English, regarding them simply as physical objects or events, it appears that they are not at all similar. FACTUAL “EXPERIMENTAL” STATEMENT The piece of written English consists of small black marks on a white surface while the piece of spoken English consists of a series of varying noises. EXPLANATION It would hardly be possible for two things to be more different. EMPHATIC RE-STATEMENT OF FIRST SENTENCE However, when we remember that both of them convey meaning, we realise that both are equally English. MODIFICATION OF FIRST SENTENCE We have, in fact, drawn a distinction between language and medium. TOPIC SENTENCE We have recognised that the piece of written English and the piece of spoken English are the same language embodied in different mediums, one consisting of shapes, the other of sounds. EXPLANATION

6. EAP 7 : TRENDS & MIGRATION

7. Water shortages and flash floods hit the UK

9. It is widely believed that global warming has been a key factor in climate changes around the world. The recent water supply crisis in British towns and cities has been caused by a series of very dry winters and long hot summers. Some climatologists believe this is not a temporary phenomenon, but part of a worldwide trend caused by global warming. The relative lack of annual rainfall in recent years has also led to serious problems for British farmers. Ironically, their own intensive farming methods have contributed to problems of water shortage, by creating soil erosion due to lack of tree planting. Soil erosion means that water runs off the land instead of being absorbed into the ground. The escaping, excess water produces further environmental damage in the form of flash flooding in villages and towns. Another factor contributing to urban water shortages is the poor quality of old water pipes, many of which date back to the nineteenth century….

10. Water shortages and flash floods hit the UK Which words fill the gaps? It is widely believed that global warming has been a k______ f ______ i ______ climate changes around the world. The recent water supply crisis in British towns and cities h ______ b ______ c ______ b ______ a series of very dry winters and long hot summers. Some climatologists believe this is not a temporary phenomenon, but part of a worldwide trend c ______ b ______ global warming. The relative lack of annual rainfall in recent years h ______ a ______ l ______ t ______ serious problems for British farmers. Ironically, their own intensive farming methods h ______ c ______ t ______ problems of water shortage, by creating soil erosion d ______ t ______ lack of tree planting. Soil erosion m ______ t ______ water runs off the land instead of being absorbed into the ground. The escaping, excess water p______ further environmental damage in the form of flash flooding in villages and towns. Another f ______ c ______ to urban water shortages is the poor quality of old water pipes, many of which date back to the nineteenth century….

11. Water shortages and flash floods hit the UK It is widely believed that global warming has been a key factor in climate changes around the world. The recent water supply crisis in British towns and cities has been caused by a series of very dry winters and long hot summers. Some climatologists believe this is not a temporary phenomenon, but part of a worldwide trend caused by global warming. The relative lack of annual rainfall in recent years has also led to serious problems for British farmers. Ironically, their own intensive farming methods have contributed to problems of water shortage, by creating soil erosion due to lack of tree planting. Soil erosion means that water runs off the land instead of being absorbed into the ground. The escaping, excess water produces further environmental damage in the form of flash flooding in villages and towns. Another factor contributing to urban water shortages is the poor quality of old water pipes, many of which date back to the nineteenth century….

12. Can you add details to these ideas to form sentences: 1.….is a key factor in doing well at university. 2.Rainbows are caused by… 3.…has led to movement of people from rural to urban areas. 4.…has contributed to crime (in your country) 5.…means that the sky is blue. 6.A factor contributing to happiness is…

13. B Listening input: a lecture describing trends (taken from Rignall and Furnaux, Speaking Unit 7) a. Listen to the lecture excerpt on unemployment trends in four countries (France, Germany, Japan and the UK) and label the graph lines accordingly: Unemployment 1980 - 92 1980 1992 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

14. Unemployment 1980 - 92 1980 1992 12 10 8 6 4 2 0