1. Global Monitoring Performance Targets/Goals: » Produce data that meets WMO targets » Assign NIST as owner for critical evaluation and data repository Figure D-1: Standardizing Acquisition, Formation, and Collating to Evaluate GHG Data Stakeholders and Roles NOAA Continued coordination with NIST on national reference standards; NOAA assumes responsibility for network and identifies stakeholders and resources needed NIST Continued coordination with NOAA on national reference standards; NIST assumes responsibility for critical evaluation of data and repository Public, private and academia sectorsTo help identify and prioritize needs Applications » Publicly accessible database as a basis upon which to develop policy decisions and further analysis Impacts » Provide critically evaluated data to policy makers to enable meaningful decisions on GHG strategies » Provide critically evaluated data to research community and stakeholders to be used for other critical evaluation and research efforts (cross-functional use of data) Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Lack of coordination among federal agencies and lack of an owner-agency to claim responsibility for large-scale network (NOAA) » Need to choose appropriate technologies for network and other inputs (NOAA & stakeholders) » Need to ensure that analyzer to analyzer measurements can be compared spatially and temporally » NIST needs mandate and funding to conduct critical evaluation of data and serve as national repository for GHG data Pathway 1.Immediate - choose owner of network (NOAA) 2.Immediate - identify NIST to lead critical evaluation of data + data repository, identify funding and manpower requirements 3.Coordination of detailed efforts between NOAA and NIST and other stakeholders Short Description: No large-scale network currently exists within the U.S. Need national reference standards (continued coordination between NIST and NOAA) Need critical evaluation of GHG data (NIST) Need central repository for data (NIST)

2. Global Monitoring Performance Targets/Goals: » Standards protocols for defining/explaining/recording and using uncertainties Figure D-2: Understanding and Documenting Data Uncertainty Stakeholders and Roles Scientists from national labs, academia, industry Applications » Uncertainty will always exist » Needed as input for data assimilation models Impacts » Better applications and use (critical for data assimilation) » Improved feedback to future improvements » Better management tool Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Difficult to define/record/explain/use » Hard to translate to policy makers (internal tool) Pathway 1.Collaboration to define pathways between scientists and managers Short Description: Knowledge of full uncertainty is essential for the use of data

3. Global Monitoring Performance Targets/Goals: » Observation-based estimate of national emissions with +/- 55 uncertainty » Detect treaty non-compliance Figure D-3: Decoupling Anthropogenic and Natural Fluxes Stakeholders and Roles State and Federal agencies, international organizations Should negotiate and enforce emissions regulations Agencies and national labsShould carry out the research Carbon market playersReap the benefits of credible markets Applications » Regulatory and treaty enforcement/compliance » Improve carbon cycle science » Improve bottom-up inventory methods » Measure/evaluate effectiveness of mitigation policies » Diagnose areas of promise for future mitigation Impacts » None listed Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Anthropogenic signal is small compared to natural background » Spatial and temporal variability of sources » Inadequate observations and model accuracy Pathway 1.Operational processing of C14 measurement at 104 - 105 measurements/yr (near- to mid-term timeframe) in U.S. 2.O 2 /N 2 measurement (near- to mid-term timeframe) 3.Enhanced multi-pollutant global sensor network (near-, mid-, long-term timeframe) 4.Improved inverse models and inventories (near- to mid-term timeframe) Short Description: Distinguishing the location and source of anthropogenic and natural GHG emission: measurement technologies, modeling methods, inventory protocols

4. Global Monitoring Performance Targets/Goals: » Compare model-inversion system results with local flux measurements to validate and assess quality Figure D-4: Data Modeling for CO 2 Flux Estimates Stakeholders and Roles AllProjectize and manage as long-term effort Applications » Carbon science data, emissions monitoring, measures assessment Impacts » Will reduce measurement requirements, if successful Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Atmospheric transport modeling stemming from few-data points or multiple-data out of such inversions Pathway 1.Pilot projects (near-mid term) 2.Fluid-dynamically correct transport model development (mid term) 3.Develop techniques to trade measurement spatial/temporal density with model fidelity (mid-long term) Short Description: Data assimilation/inversions, with Unc. Quantification to produce CO2 flux estimates from experimental input data

5. Global Monitoring Performance Targets/Goals: » None provided Figure D-5: Commitment to Long Term (baseline) Observations Stakeholders and Roles National labs Academia Perhaps industry Applications » The backbone observations from which all follows Impacts » None provided Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » High quality observations with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution - trace gases, isotopes (?13c, D14c) basic concentrations - and ancillary local meteorology observations satellite imagery (land), eddy EO variance flux measurements, basic C-stocks, financial/personnel are the barriers Pathway 1.New technologies for continuous or near-continuous measurements; 3-6 yrs 2.Scaling up, in short-term, flask based measurements - new labs, personnel until new technologies are brought on-line; now - 10 yrs 3.Deploy/test new technologies in tandem with conventional (e.g., flask) measurements (5-10 yrs) 4.Expand existing networks and interstate data streams - EPA, NOAA, DOE, NSF (Neon);. for completeness FIA, USFS - basic C-cycle observation Short Description: None provided

6. Global Monitoring Performance Targets/Goals: » Reporting and quantification of the reference suite must be at the necessary precision - not conflate accuracy and precision Figure D-6: GHG Whole Air Reference Standards Stakeholders and Roles Best people/labs x/o matter where they are o National labs o Academia o Industry Applications » Baseline and long term observations Impacts » Data-sets are able to be combined easily » Detection of laboratory or sample handling bias Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Reference suite used for continuous and discrete whole air samples across the spectrum of trace gases including isotopes Pathway 1.Multiple techniques to quantify the standard suite 2.Should not be done by consensus - mediocre measurements do not help in quantifying/characterizing standards 3.Rolling suite of standards - take advantage of new/unknown techniques with long-term (>10yrs) cross-reference Short Description: GHG reference whole air standards at ambient levels

7. Global Monitoring Performance Targets/Goals: » Common units for data gathering, storage, file format Figure D-7: Data Standards Stakeholders and Roles GovernmentLeadership National labs and private sector and academia Scientists Standards organizations Applications » Communication between providers and users of data Impacts » Exchangeability of data » Reliability of data » Sustainability of data » Transport data » Quicker and better distribution and use of data » Defined chair of date custody Technology and Measurement Science Challenges/Barriers » Different groups with different units/formats » No current standard at any level of government Pathway 1.An organization takes the lead – short-term 2.Identify stakeholders – short-term 3.Project to create the standards – short-term 4.Revisit/update the methodologies – mid-term Short Description: Data format and content (metadata) standards for measurements and models