The Age of Jackson Main Idea

The Age of Jackson Main Idea
President Andrew Jackson’s bold actions defined a period of American history. Reading Focus What path led to Andrew Jackson’s presidency? How did the Indian Removal Act lead to the Trail of Tears? Why was the national bank a source of controversy? How did a conflict over the issue of states’ rights lead to a crisis?

Champion of the “Common Man”?
Essential Question OR “King” Andrew? Champion of the “Common Man”?

Jackson’s Top Ten 10. Andrew Jackson was the first President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains. 9. Andrew Jackson was the first Tennessean to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. 8. Andrew Jackson was the first territorial Governor of Florida. 7. Andrew Jackson was the first person to serve as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and President. 6. Andrew Jackson exercised his veto power 12 times as President, more than all of his predecessors combined.

Jackson’s Top Ten 5. Andrew Jackson was the first President to articulate that as President he represented all the people and the will of the majority must govern. 4. Andrew Jackson helped found and was the first U.S. President to represent the Democratic Party. 3. Andrew Jackson is the only U.S. President to be censured by the U.S. Senate. The censure (official criticism) was cancelled in the last year of his presidency.

Jackson’s Top Ten 2. The first assassination attempt on a sitting U.S. President occurred on January 30, 1835, when Robert Lawrence failed to slay Andrew Jackson. 1. Andrew Jackson was the only President in American History to pay off the national debt and leave office with the country in the black.

Why is the age of Jackson referred to as the “Age of the Common Man?”
Culture of an American Hero Expansion of Suffrage Popular campaigning “The people are the Government, the sovereign power.” Jackson

General Jackson’s Military Career
Defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 Defeated the British at New Orleans in 1815 Took Florida and claimed it for the US in 1819. Loved by his soldiers called him “Old Hickory”

Culture of an American Hero
Jackson is perhaps 2nd only to Washington in popularity Indian Fighter, “Old Hickory” War Hero- New Orleans Tough, self-made man Epitome or personification of the West Independent, strong willed, strong values of what is right and wrong

Jackson Image Society in America should be one which
“The planter, the farmer, the mechanic, and the laborer, all know that their success depends on their own industry and economy.” Privileges of the Elites will not be allowed to stifle opportunity.

Jackson Image Anti- Elitism Egalitarianism

Path to the Presidency Andrew Jackson
Served in the army during the Revolutionary War Practiced law in Tennessee, became a successful land speculator, and served in a variety of government offices, including the House of Representatives and the Senate Served in the War of 1812, nicknamed “Old Hickory” Was given command of military operations in the South Led the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans Became nationally famous as the “Hero of New Orleans” In 1824 he ran for president and won the popular vote, but not a majority of the electoral votes. John Quincy Adams won the House of Representatives’ vote and became president.

Path to the Presidency Jackson and his supporters created a new political party that became the Democratic Party. Adams and his supporters became the National Republicans. Many thought Adams was out of touch with the people. Jackson was a popular war hero—“a man of the people.” In the 1820s voting restrictions in many states—such as the requirement for property ownership—were being lifted, allowing poor people to become voters.

Election of 1828 These ordinary, working Americans were strong Jackson supporters. He easily defeated the unpopular President Adams. Such political power exercised by ordinary Americans became known as Jacksonian Democracy. Spoils system: rewarding supporters by giving them positions in the government.

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
New Democracy NEW DEMOCRACY JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY People should be governed as little possible JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Whatever governing needed to be done, it should be done by the common man. “Government by the majority of people; instead of a government governed by the upper class was introduced during Jackson’s Presidency. Property ownership/education not needed to vote Growth of political power of the working class Increased number of elected officials Land easy to get out West Ideas of the DOI become important and people saw inequalities in society.

Jacksonian Democracy compared with Jeffersonian Democracy
Believed that capable, well-educated leaders should govern in people’s interests. Reelected chiefly an agricultural society. Limited democracy mainly to its political aspects.

Andy’s turn Jackson Believed that the people themselves should manage governmental affairs. Reflected an agricultural and industrial society. Expanded democracy to include social and economic aspects

Appealed to the Common Man because he was one……
jackson the man JACKSON THE MAN Emotional, arrogant and passionate. Dueled---could drink, smoke, curse and fight with the best of them Lawyer, Judge, senator, general and finally President First president from the West Appealed to the Common Man because he was one……

The Age of Jackson and the Rise of the Common Man
The Planter Elite in the South People on the Frontier State Politicians – spoils system Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson’s Faith in the Common Man
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

Rise of the Common Man and The New Democracy
Common man cluster Common Man and the west become politically powerful Jackson brought democracy to the Common man Land easy to obtain in the West so property qualifications were dropped Education not as important Bricklayers Blacksmith Farmers Carpenters The Working Class Rise of the Common Man and The New Democracy Jackson stood for the common man which was most of the population Other Common Men in US History: Davy Crockett Sam Houston Powerful movement in the country to expand involvement and participation of the common man in democracy.

Expansion of Suffrage Rapid population growth and industry cause more people to want to vote New Western states offer voting as a way to encourage settlement Politicians supported, employers supported Western States adopt Universal Manhood Suffrage Property requirements removed in West, East follows practice White Males Vote % % %

The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy.
Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not have enough electoral votes. The House of Representatives was required by the Constitution to choose the winner; they chose John Quincy Adams. Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay. Accusations grew after Adams made Clay secretary of state. Controversy weakened Adams’s support.

The Election of 1824 ADAMS VS. JACKSON Even with Jackson winning the popular vote, he had to win the electoral vote as well. There were 261 total electoral votes and Jackson needed 131 to win the electoral vote and the election. Jackson did not receive a majority of electoral votes to win the election. Sent to the House of Representatives to choose the president. 261 electoral votes and 131 needed to win.

Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt Bargain.”
ADAMS VS JACKSON corrupt The Corrupt Bargain Henry Clay gives his support to John Adams and the House of Representatives chooses Adams as the President. Two weeks later, Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State…. Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt Bargain.” Jackson promises he would run again for the Presidency in 1828 and would smash Adams.

John Quincy Adams One of the ablest men, hardest workers, and finest intellectuals ever in the White House. Tried to promote not only manufacturing and agriculture, but also the arts, literature, and science. But he lacked the common touch and refused to play the game of politics. Most found him cold and tactless. Could not build any popular support for his programs.

John Quincy Adams Successful as Sec. of State
Not popular, failed to relate the common man. Supported protective tariff, BUS and internal improvements Minority president, last of the Federalists and connection with the Founding Fathers….

John Quincy Adams The election had united his enemies and was creating a new party system Adams, Clay, and the minority became National-Republicans Jackson and the majority became the Democratic-Republicans (later just Democrats)

AFTER ELECTION OF 1824 POLITICAL PARTIES NATIONAL REPUBLICANS
New parties POLITICAL PARTIES AFTER ELECTION OF 1824 JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Political world changed during the New Democracy. Two new political parties emerge NATIONAL REPUBLICANS Adams, Clay and Webster strong national govt. Favored the BUS, tariffs, internal improvements, industry, public schools and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery. Best/privileged run the govt. DEMOCRATS Jackson and Calhoun Believed in state’s rights and federal restraint in economic and social affairs. Favored the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government. Protected the common man.

Second Two-Party System Democrats v. Whigs, 1836 - 1850
The party of tradition. Looked backward to the past. Spoke to the fears of Americans Opposed banks and corporations as. state-legislated economic privilege. Opposed state-legislated reforms and preferred individual freedom of choice. Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms and rural independence and the right to own slaves. Favored rapid territorial expansion over space by purchase or war. Believed in progress through external growth. Democratic ideology of agrarianism, slavery, states rights, territorial expansion was favored in the South. The party of modernization. Looked forward to the future. Spoke to the hopes of Americans. Wanted to use federal and state government to promote economic growth, especially transportation and banks. Advocated reforms such as temperance and public schools and prison reform. Were entrepreneurs who favored industry and urban growth and free labor. Favored gradual territorial expansion over time and opposed the Mexican War. Believed in progress through internal growth Whig ideology of urbanization, industrialization, federal rights, commercial expansion was favored in the North.

Election of 1824 Democratic-Republicans- begins to divide
Adams Vs. Jackson Vote Split Goes into House of Reps Clay Supports Adams “Corrupt Bargain” acquisitions Clay is given office of Secretary of State Jackson is a sore loser

Election 1828 Jackson Campaign Dirtiest Campaign Ever

Election of 1828 Adams Seen as elitist Jackson Seen as corrupt
Seen as privileged Attacked for wasting $ Gambling devices Wins 44% of vote- New England, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland Jackson Jackson Wins great majority Power from the west, Calhoun VP Called a murderer Wife attacked in papers as a Bigamist

Whigs= traditional term for people in England who tried to weaken the king
Constituents WASPs Northeast Merchants Manufacturers Wealthy planters in the South Those that wanted stronger ties with the industrial North Ambitious Farmers and merchants of the West Migrants from Northeast to the west Aristocrats Wanted expansion of Federal power Encourage Industrial and commercial development Strengthen the ties of the country with consolidated economic system Cautious of Westward Expansion Favored Banks, Corporations,

Democrats Expand economic and political opportunity (Common man?- not traditional elites) Gov Should be limited Gov should remove obstacles to opportunities Union is essential to opportunity Wanted to attack corrupt privelege South Some North and West Immigrants- NYC Irish- Germans- Catholic Locofocos- (Radical) Workingmen Small business Wanted to attack monopoly and Privilege

Internal Improvements
Railroads-most in Northeast ,328 miles cost $17000 per mile National Road Erie Canal-links Great Lakes to Eastern Seaboard Canals-3,326 miles of canals, cost $125 mill Goods-East to West Agri-produce West to EastCities

Eaton Affair and Kitchen Cabinet
Peggy was wife of Eaton a cabinet minister (Secretary of War) was excluded by other cabinet wives Jackson intercedes Calhoun’s wife ignores request Jackson is angry at cabinet He forms an informal group of advisors, excludes cabinet input except Van Buren Calhoun decides to resign- he doesn’t like

Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830: Indian Removal Act
Expansion into the southwest for southern planters 1830: Indian Removal Act 5 Civilized Tribes: (forced removal) Cherokee Creek Choctaw Chickasaw Seminole Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) “domestic dependent nation” Worcester v. GA (1832) Cherokee law is sovereign and Georgia law does not apply in Cherokee nation. Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

The Indian Removal Act Five major Native American groups lived in the southeastern United States: the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek. White Americans called them the “five civilized tribes” because many of them had adopted aspects of European and American culture. Many white Americans viewed them as inferior. Farmland was becoming scarce in the East, and white settlers coveted the Indians’ lands. Indian Removal Act (1830): called for the relocation of the five nations to an area west of the Mississippi River called Indian Territory, now present-day Oklahoma. The U.S. Army marched the Choctaw, the Creek, and the Chickasaw west, hundreds of miles, to Indian Territory. Many died on the long trek due to exposure, malnutrition, and disease.

Indian Removal 1830 Jackson believed Indians and Whites should not mix
Cherokee’s had developed a significant civilization- constitution, farming, written language, Sequoia and John Ross are important figures. Gold was discovered on Cherokee land State gov wanted Cherokee land Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian Removal Many in the tribes didn’t want to move 1830 Removal Act was passed Offered money to relocate Indians Indians Resist in the Courts

TRAIL OF TEARS

The Indian Removal Act The Seminole women and children hid from the soldiers in the dense Florida swamps while Seminole men conducted hit-and-run attacks on the American soldiers. About 3,000 Seminole were forced to move to Indian Territory, but many more continued to resist, their descendants still live in Florida today. The Trail of Tears The Cherokee fought their removal in the American court system. They sued the federal government, claiming that they had the right to be respected as a foreign country. The Supreme Court in 1831 ruled against the Cherokee. The state of Georgia, carrying out the Indian Removal Act, ordered Samuel Austin Worcester, a white man and a friend to the Cherokee, to leave Cherokee land. Worcester brought suit on behalf of himself and the Cherokee.

The Indian Removal Act Worcester v. Georgia (1832): The Supreme Court ruled against Georgia, denying it the right to take Cherokee lands. To get around the Court’s ruling, government officials signed a treaty with Cherokee leaders who favored relocation. The Cherokee were herded by the U.S. Army on a long and deadly march west. Of the 18,000 Cherokee forced to leave their homes, about 4,500 died on the march, which became known as the Trail of Tears.

Indian Removal 1830 Jackson believed Indians and Whites should not mix
Cherokee’s had developed a significant civilization- constitution, farming, written language, Sequoia and John Ross are important figures. Gold was discovered on Cherokee land State gov wanted Cherokee land Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian Removal Many in the tribes didn’t want to move 1830 Removal Act was passed Offered money to relocate Indians Indians Resist in the Courts

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831): John Marshall
The Court ruled that the state of Georgia could not seize the lands of a "domestic, dependent nation" which possessed some sovereignty. The Cherokees were NOT a foreign nation as described in the Constitution. "The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. (they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832): John Marshall
Established tribal autonomy (self-governing state, community, or group within their boundaries), The tribes were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive (private).” The Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had not force within the territorial boundaries of the Cherokee Nation.

The Rise of Sectionalism
Loyalty of state rather than the entire nation. Considered issues from a sectional, vice national point if view.

NULLIFICATION CRISIS Tariff of 1828
The constitutional doctrine of implied powers was used to justify higher protective tariffs Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar…. South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry… Feared the US Govt. would take away slavery

Economic basis of Sectionalism
Industrial Northeast Early inventions: Slater, Whitney, Lowell. Aided by the War of 1812, waterpower, new immigration, capital, growing US market. Made textiles, iron implements, utensils, and machinery. Plantation South “King Cotton”… Cotton production increased from 2 million – 330 million/year. Northern and English markets. Year round… the slave factor.

1832 Tariff Conflict > “Tariff of Abomination” Tariff of 1828 > new tariff South Carolina’s reaction? Jackson’s response? Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

JACKSON VS CALHOUN John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828 Tariff of Abomination Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends slavery and state’s rights. Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff was not lowered. Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void South Carolina Exposition---Compact theory

Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff
JACKSON VS CALHOUN Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take military action in SC Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

Webster-Hayne Debate Nullification
"Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!" – Daniel Webster

Webster attacked the idea that any state could defy or leave the Union
WEBSTER VS HAYNE DEBATE Daniel Webster of Massachusetts debated Robert Hayne of SC on the nature of the federal Union under the Constitution in 1830 Webster attacked the idea that any state could defy or leave the Union Hayne argued that the states had the right to nullify federal laws believed to be unconstitutional

Hayne-Webster Debate Hayne was a Senator for S. Carolina With Calhoun
Suggest the West should unite with the south against the EAST. Issues-both regions are victims of Eastern econmic tyranny Tariff- Webster – Senator from Massachusetts Responds to Hayne Keep the Union “Liberty and Union, now and forever one and inseparable.” Webster

The Nullification Crisis
JACKSON VS CALHOUN The Nullification Crisis Compromise of 1833 Henry Clay proposes a compromise Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years South Carolina dropped nullification Jackson drops Force Bill Jackson preserved the Union Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

Nullification Crisis Jackson quote “Our Federal Union it must be preserved.” Calhoun, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear.” Highlights differences Calhoun- “Mr. Southerner” Advocate of States’ Rights (major cause of Civil War) Breaks with Jackson, early, Eaton Affair Calhoun quits to be senator from South Carolina

Nullification Crisis Tariff of 1828 (abominations)
South Carolina Exposition. State’s rights Insurrection? (Force Bill) Tariff of 1833

Nullification Crisis Tariff ^ causes prices ^
New Tariff of 1828 cause South to claim “Tariff of Abominations” States’ Rights advocate Calhoun secretly authors South Carolina Exposition and Protest Created doctrine that said, states could when they follow process, Nullify Federal laws Tariff ^ causes prices ^ Causes prices for imports to ^ Causes economic problems for the south

Nullification Crisis In 1828, Congress passed a tariff law with high duties. People who opposed it (southerners and westerners) called it the “Tariff of Abominations”. John C. Calhoun (V.P.) from S.C. opposed the tariff and insisted the States had the right to prevent an unconstitutional law from being enforced. State legislatures could nullify the federal law. The S.C. legislature passed such and act and Calhoun resigned as Vice-President. (Replaced by Martin Van Buren) Jackson threatened use of force against S.C. after state threatened to secede. Compromise Tariff of 1833 appeased South and ended crisis.

South Carolina convention passes Ordinance of Nullification
Causes Jackson to get tough Sends the proclamation to people of South Carolina Said- Nullification does not exist No secession will be allowed “Disunion by armed force is Treason” Jackson asked Congress for Force Bill- authority to use force on nullifying states Clay comes to the rescue with compromise Webster supported South Carolina and Calhoun back down

Sectional issues Protective Tariff Second Bank of the United States
Internal improvements at Federal Expense. Liberal land policy Territorial expansion to the Southwest Expansion of slavery.

Conflict over States’ Rights
In 1828 Congress raised the tariff on British manufactured goods. The tariff was welcomed by industry in the northern states because it increased the price of British goods and encouraged Americans to buy American goods. The agricultural southern states despised the tax. It forced southerners to buy northern goods instead of the less expensive British goods. Southern cotton growers, who exported most of their crop to Britain, opposed interference with international trade. The concept that states have the right to reject federal laws is called the nullification theory.

Conflict over States’ Rights
The issue of nullification and states’ rights was the focus of one of the most famous debates in Senate history in 1830. Nullification Crisis When Congress passed another tariff in 1832, South Carolina declared the tariff law “null and void” and threatened to secede from the Union if the federal government tried to enforce the tariff. Jackson received the Force Bill from Congress, but South Carolina declared the Force Bill null and void as well. Compromise worked out by Henry Clay Tariffs would be reduced over a period of 10 years. Issues of nullification and of states’ rights would be raised again.

The National Bank The Second Bank of the United States was a national bank overseen by the federal government to regulate state banks. Established in 1816 and given a 20-year charter Opponents (including Jackson) thought that the Constitution did not give Congress the authority to create the bank. Opponents recognized that state banks were more inclined to make loans to poorer farmers in the South and West—the very people who supported Jackson. By contrast, they viewed the bank as an institution devoted to the interests of wealthy northern corporations.

Bank War 1832-33 Jackson vetoes bank bill-
Said monopoly on bank favored Eastern rich “To make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, at the expense of the humble members of society- the farmers, mechanics, and laborers.” “The federal government must provide equal protection under the law.” Bank of the US needs to be renewed Jackson against bank (thought bank had too much power) Clay wants US bank Webster wanted bank Biddle- bank president wanted bank

THE BANK WAR The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy

The National Bank Debate
President Jackson Nicholas Biddle

The National Bank In 1832, an election year, Jackson vetoed a bill to extend the bank’s charter. When Henry Clay challenged Jackson for the presidency, the controversy over the bank became a major campaign issue. Jackson won re-election, defeating Clay in a landslide. After his re-election, Jackson ordered the money taken out of the bank and deposited in select state banks. In 1836 the Second Bank of the United States was reduced to just another state bank.

The Age of Jackson- Bank War
To weaken the power of the National bank, Jackson supported removing federal funds from the Bank and placing them in 23 state banks, known as "pet banks" This helped to contribute to the fiscal problems that ended in a severe economic Panic in 1837, which led to bank failures and dissatisfaction with the use of state banks as depositories for public funds .

Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned.
THE BANK WAR Biddle v Jackson Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned. Considered it unconstitutional regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch vs. Maryland The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. The boxers are Nicholas Biddle and Andrew Jackson. The lady holding a bottle of port says, "Darken his daylights, Nick. Put the Screws to him my tulip!" Daniel Webster: "Blow me tight if Nick ain't been crammed too much. You see as how he's losing his wind!" Henry Clay: "Hurrah Nick my kiddy! Hit him a pelt in the smellers!" Martin Van Buren: "Go it Hickory, my old Duffer! give it to him in the bread basket, it will make him throw up his deposits!" Major Jack Downing (a mythical Jacksonian hero): "I swan if the Ginral hain't been taken lessons from Fuller!" The man standing next to the whiskey bottle: "Hurrah my old yallow flower of the forrest, walk into him like a streak of Greased lightning through a gooseberry bush!" Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt. Nicholas Biddle, President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto.
KING ANDREW The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto. Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is standing on it… King Andrew

Results of Bank War A number of small banks emerge called “Pet Banks”
Speculation results- inflation land and prices go up Jackson tries to remedy the problem with a idea to have one Gold or Silver pay for land (Specie) Causes Panic of 1837, paper money loses value, and economy goes into depression

THE BANK WAR An overwhelming majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto Jackson won reelection with more than ¾ of the electoral vote The 1832 Election

THE BANK WAR A triumphant Jackson holds his order to remove government deposits from the bank as the bank crumbles and a host of demonic characters scurry from its ruins. The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. The boxers are Nicholas Biddle and Andrew Jackson. The lady holding a bottle of port says, "Darken his daylights, Nick. Put the Screws to him my tulip!" Daniel Webster: "Blow me tight if Nick ain't been crammed too much. You see as how he's losing his wind!" Henry Clay: "Hurrah Nick my kiddy! Hit him a pelt in the smellers!" Martin Van Buren: "Go it Hickory, my old Duffer! give it to him in the bread basket, it will make him throw up his deposits!" Major Jack Downing (a mythical Jacksonian hero): "I swan if the Ginral hain't been taken lessons from Fuller!" The man standing next to the whiskey bottle: "Hurrah my old yallow flower of the forrest, walk into him like a streak of Greased lightning through a gooseberry bush!"

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
“Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. supported rapid economic growth & speculation. felt that coin was the only safe currency. didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. suspicious of expansion & speculation.

The Specie Circular (1936) “wildcat banks.”

Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes loose their value. Land sales plummeted. Credit not available. Businesses began to fail. Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

Accomplishments Enlarged the power of the presidency
JACKSON'S LEGACY Accomplishments Enlarged the power of the presidency “The President is the direct representative of the American people” Only responsible to the people, not Congress Converted the veto into an effective presidential power The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress Political parties seen as a positive good

KING ANDREW Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times Used veto to benefit the Common Man. Destroyed the BUS in 1836 Used the veto for personal revenge against his enemies… Henry Clay----Maysville Road Opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt Interpreted the powers of Congress narrowly Kitchen cabinet Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is standing on it… King Andrew

Failures JACKSON'S LEGACY Growing social stratification
Gap between rich and poor visibly widened Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death)

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