3. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V -Ruled areas in -New World -Spain -Netherlands -Holy Roman Empire of -Hapsburgs -Austria -Parts of Italy Map the Spanish discoveries

4. Wars of Charles -Constant warfare -French -Protestants – in HRE -Muslims (Ottoman Empire) -Occupy Hungary and threaten the Mediterranean -Worn out by war divides his empire and goes to a monastery -Empire spilt between - Brother Ferdinand and Son Philip II -Hapsburg landSpain -HRENetherlands New world Southern Italy

5. Why did the Pope Split the New World between Spain and Portugal??

6. PHILIP II  Expand Spanish Influence Across the Globe  Strengthen the Catholic Church  Strengthen Inquisition  Supported Catholic Reformation  Wanted his power to be ABSOLUTE

7. Philip’s Divine Right -All government responsible to him - Guardian of the Catholic Faith -Catholic reformation -Inquisition Philip’s Wars -Battle of Lepanto -Ended Ottoman influence -Revolt of the Netherlands -Inquisition causes riots -Spanish Armada

10.  Religious Intolerance  Protestants who didn’t convert were expelled  Revolt in the Netherlands - Philip battled Protestant Rebels in the Netherlands  Strengthened the Inquisition  Protestant Queen Elizabeth became Philip’s #1 Enemy  Francis Drake and the Sea dogs attack Spanish ships  Elizabeth Knights him

12. Spanish fleet 1588 - 130 Ships Big, slow, very strong 20,000 men and 2,400 pieces of artillery were sent across the English Channel English fleet 150 Ships Smaller, faster, more manuverable More daring leadership Fire ships Rough seas spoil food and water Ammunition improperly stored -- wet Spanish use classic V formation for attack English respond with fire boats

14. “ It is well known that we fight in God’s cause. So, when we meet the English, God will surely arrange matters so threat we can grapple and board them, either by sending some strange freak of weather or, more likely, just be depriving the English of their wits. If we can come to close quarters Spanish valor and Spanish steel… will make our victory certain.” Do not write this

15.  “Strange Freak of Weather” - storm - destroyed the Spanish Armada, before there was ever a fight.  Less than 1/3 of Spanish ships returns to Spain  Economic Decline - Philip II resigned his throne  Costly wars overseas drained Spain of its wealth  By expelling Muslims and Jews the country lost its work base  Became a country of Beggars  France Replaced Spain as the Most Powerful Country in Europe

16. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End  Henri II was the last powerful Valois  Three weak sons followed:  Francis II  Charles IX  Henri III  Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:  Was mother to the boys  Played both sides in the civil war  Developed a reputation for cruelty

17. Catherine de Medici

18. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

19. The French Civil Wars  There were two sides:  Guise family led Catholics in North  Bourbon family led Huguenots in South  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase of Civil wars (7 total)  Treaty of St. Germain en Laye (1570)  Peace  Religious freedom for Huguenots  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  August 24, 1572  20,000 Huguenots were killed  Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

20. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

21. The French Civil War  Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.  Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.  Effects of Civil War:  France was left divided by religion  Royal power had weakened  Valois family now replaced by Bourbons Catholic League Protestant Union CIVIL WAR

22. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

23.  Ended Spanish interference in France  Converted to Catholicism :  Did this to compromise and make peace  Paris is worth a mass.  This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:  Granted religious rights to Huguenots  Did not grant religious freedom for all Henry IV of France

24. LOUIS XIII KING AT 9 (1610) Henry IV assassinated Marie de’ Medici Regent Appointed Richelieu as Chief Minister in1624 –Expand power of King by destroying Huguenots Nobles

29.  Holy Roman Empire had collapsed into several small separate states - they didn’t listen to the Emperor (Ferdinand II)  Religion - North was Protestant and South was Catholic  Reformation  Defenestration of Prague - Protestant noblemen threw 2 Royal Officials out of a Castle Window in Prague.

30.  Religious War - Spain and Poland (Catholic States) lead by Ferdinand II vs. (Protestant Powers) Netherlands and Sweden. Four phases of war -Bohemian -Danish -Swedish -French

31.  Shifted from Religion to Politics  Allied with each other for there own political motives  For example - Catholic France joined Lutheran Sweden against the Hapsburgs of Austria  Brutal War - Soldiers destroyed crops and homes and killed without mercy.

32.  PEACE OF WESTPHALIA  General Peace in Europe  France gained territory  Netherlands won Independence  Swiss Federation won Independence  Germany divided into 360+ Separate States - fragmented - each one had its own coinage, government, state church and foreign policy  Prussia emerged as a New Protestant Power  Austria and Hapsburgs emerged as a strong Catholic Power

35. DOMINATE EUROPE ORDER, STABILITY, AND REFORM IN FRANCE

36.  Kept a group of Professional diplomats as his advisors. - Cardinal Richelieu  Denied rights to Huguenots (French Protestants) - revoked Edict of Nantes - result: 200,000 fled France - destroying the French Economy and earning him Protestant Enemies

38.  Invaded Spanish Netherlands  Gained 12 fortresses in Holland and isolated the Dutch  ATTACKED NETHERLANDS  Gained more fortresses  Sent Army to Rhineland (9 Years War) Loss - unprepared and showed some serious problems with the French defenses - Kept Alsace.

39. 1701 - 1714 The War of Spanish Succession  fought over who should be rightful King of Spain  grandson got throne, but could never also get French throne  Lost Colonies in new World except Quebec.

40.  Created a Political Alliance with Spain.  BUILT THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES  Forced the Nobility to live there  They had all the privileges they wanted and non of the power.  He had ABSOLUTE CONTROL

42. “I depart, France Remains.”- Louis XIV He wanted his legacy to carry on with his son instead after Louis XIV, France began its decline.

45.  Parliament wanted the King to consult them when making decisions  James I & his son Charles I, believed in the “Divine Right of Kings” - “I will not be content that my power be disputed upon.”- James I  Both took action to dissolve Parliament when it disagreed with them

46.  Puritans wanted to clean out all the unnecessary pageantry in the church that was left over from Catholicism  King wanted to keep the church as is with all the Glory and Power that came with being the head of it (Divine Right of Kings)

47. CAVALIERSVS ROUNDHEADS CAVALIERS VS ROUNDHEADS (CHARLES I) HOUSE OF LORDS NOBLES OLIVER CROMWELL PURITANS & PARLIAMENTPURITANS & PARLIAMENT HOUS EOF COMMONSHOUS EOF COMMONS

48. CAVALIERSVS ROUNDHEADS CAVALIERS VS ROUNDHEADS (CHARLES I) Had support of northern Nob le Families Ardent Anglicans OLIVER CROMWELL Allies with scotland Created and effective army (New Model army)

49.  A COMMONWEALTH  Scotland captures Charles  Cromwell develops Rump Parliament  PARLIAMENT - executed Charles I Jan 1649  Abolished the Monarchy  Abolishes the anglican Church  Abolishes the house of Lords  Declared Themselves a Republic

50.  PURITAN MORALITY  No music in church  Everything is shut on Sunday  no lewd dancing (modest dancing ok)  no taverns or gambling  RELIGIOUS FREEDOM  welcomed Jews (Hypocritical not to)  EDUCATION FOR ALL PEOPLE

51. Conflict with Radicals Called Levellers – desired that all people have a say in government 1653 Cromwell took title of Lord Protector and ruled using his Army (Dissolved the Parliament) When Cromwell died (1658)- Charles II was welcomed back to his throne. He was Popular, and restored the Taverns and the Original Church of England

52. LONG TERM: James II - a Catholic took the throne after Charles II died - for fear of a new Catholic Royal Line - The English had a Bloodless Revolution THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION - The closest Protestant relative was Mary who had married William of Orange - they were given the throne if they signed the “English Bill of Rights” Created a Limited Monarchy - government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s powers

53. Established habeous corpus - no person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Toleration Act - limited toleration to Puritans & Quakers, but not yet Catholics THE BEGINNING OF A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY