1. What is Operations Research (OR) and Implementation Research (IR)? What isn't? George Schmid World Health Organization/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention wolfhoundsamerica@yahoo.com

2. Format Informal Practical—if you want to hear about modelling (a legitimate, important part of OR), run out the door now The session is for you, and us You will forget 90% of what you hear today. So, we've given you materials on a CD-ROM: –Designing HIV/AIDS Intervention Studies (and other materials) (Pop Council); –Framework for Operations and Implementation Research in Health and Disease Control Programmes (and other materials) (Global Fund and WHO) –Other materials (note the FHI guide to qualitative research)

3. What is OR? What is Implementation Research? What is (Public Health) Evaluation? What is Translation Research? OR PHE IR TR

4. OR "Provides decision makers with information to improve the performance of their programs." "…helps to identify solutions to problems that limit effectiveness, efficiency or quality of programs" Guide to OR in Programs supported by the Global Fund

5. Operations Research (OR) is the study of factors under the control of program managers. OR uses research techniques to help choose among alternative uses of resources to meet program objectives.

6. Research Focus Independent variables: manipulated by managers Dependent variables: program outcomes Independent variables: manipulated by managers Dependent variables: program outcomes Factors controlled by managers Outcomes desired by managers and clients

7. Managerial Control Factors Under Control Program systems: training, information, counseling … Factors Not Under Control Cultural beliefs, location, economic status, religion, education…

8. OR Supports Evidence- Based Programs Allows programs to make evidence-based decisions 1.Identifies service delivery problems 2.Tests service delivery innovations (effectiveness) 3.Tests service delivery costs (efficiency) How?

9. Costs are a Key Program Factor Study Them ! Cost-effectiveness—what is the least- expensive way to get the desired outcome –e.g., can nurses do the same job as a doctor? Affordability

10. What is OR? What is Implementation Research? What is (Public Health) Evaluation? What is Translation Research? OR PHE IR TR

11. What is OR? What is Implementation Research? IR OR

12. Implementation Research "IR provides the crucial link between the findings of OR of how to optimize a system of care and treatment and the effective application of these findings in a local program." 1 "…focuses on how to promote the uptake and successful implementation of evidence- based interventions…that have been identified through systematic reviews*." 2 1 Hirschorn LR et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007;196(S3):S516 2 Sanders D, Haines A. PLoS Med 2006;3:e186 *Drs. Sanders and Haines are Cochrane Collaboration experts

13. Implementation Research "…focuses on how to promote the uptake and successful implementation of evidence-based interventions…that have been identified through systematic reviews." 1 1 Sanders D, Haines A. PLoS Med 2006;3:e186 Who does this?

14. What is OR? What is Implementation Research? IR OR

15. What is the International Climate Towards OR? The Sydney Declaration (IAS—July 2007) –10% of HIV programme funds for research The Global Fund suggests 5-10% of funds for M&E, including OR Favorable!

16. Global Fund Grants and "OR and Information Systems" Rounds 1-6 19%52% 2.6%4.4% Korenromp E et al 5 th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health 34% HIV 56% TB 74% Malaria

17. What is the International Climate Towards OR? The Sydney Declaration (IAS—July 2007) –10% of HIV programme funds for research The Global Fund suggests 5-10% of funds for M&E, including OR PEPFAR February 2008 WHO/World Bank/IAS/GF March 2008 meeting and 4 August Consensus Statement –Extends Sydney Declaration into capacity building and implementation capability IAS meeting October 2009 Mexico City, Cape Town meetings with OR as Track D Favorable!

18. Translation Research? =~ "Knowledge translation" 1 Bridging the "know-do gap" 1 "The synthesis, exchange, and application of knowledge…." =~ Implementation research 1 Cordero C et al. Funding agencies in low- and middle-income countries: Support for knowledge translation. Bull WHO 2008;86:524

19. What isn't OR?

20. OR PHE IR TR M (&E) "formative eval" Clinical research Quality assurance

21. Thoughts? Tony? Rony?

22. What Skills Do You Need to Do OR? An enquiring mind Effective (epidemiology, statistics, public health, relevant science expertise to the project, e.g., behavioural science, medicine….) Efficient (economics, health services management….) Courses in OR –CDC –Population Council…and….

23. Format of Session This introduction What is OR? Some practical steps in OR Is it formative or operational research? Your thoughts/discussion Questions!