1. Miscanthus x giganteus: Perspective and energy potential in Republic of Croatia Nikola Bilandžija, Ph.D. University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture ADRIATIC WOOD DAYS, DUBROVNIK 2015.

2. Global challenges Energy scenarios: reduction of unsustainable, energy reserve resources, constant increase of fossil fuel prices. Energy aspirations: safe, sustainable and continuous energy supply. Enviromental challenges: global warming issue, contamination of soil, water and atmosphere. Political challenges: directives, regulations, strategies.

3. Consuption of renewable energy in EU (AEBIOM, 2013)

4. Agriculture biomass crop production (hay, straw, stalks, corn stalks, cobs, husks field crops), vegetable crops and ornamental horticulture (waste from parks and gardens), grape and friut production (pruned residues), agricultural products from processing industry (grape marc, olive marc, fruts pits, fruts shells), livestock production (manure, slaughterhouse waste, fisheries waste, meat - bone meal), energy crops from specially formed stands (Miscantus sp., Arundo donax, Sudannian grass…).

5. Agricultural energy crops

6. Miscanthus sacchariflorus Miscanthus sinensis Miscanthus x giganteus x Diploid 2n=2x=38 Tetraploid 2n=4x=74 Triploid 2n=3x=57

7. perennial grass possibilaty for cultivation on lower quality soil and in different climatic – geografical areas (7,5 - 17,5 °C, 500-1000 mm; to altitude 3000 m) high yield (10-20 and more t d.m./ha), with harvest time from November till March, Aprile Why Miscanthus x giganteus?

8. soil tillage only in the first year of cultivation, cultivation - common agricultural mechanization, excellent resistance to desieses and pests, application of herbicides (first and second year), low fertilization requaiments, high heating value (17,7 MJ kg -1 do 18,8 MJ kg -1 ) CO 2 neutral raw material (LCA-standard: saving 75-93% CO 2 ), phytoremediation of contaminated soils, increases soil fertility, positive impact on biodiversity, decreases erosion.

9. Planting material Rhizome Micropropagation plants

10. Possibilities of utilisation Cofiring with solid fossil fuels and/or direct firing for heat and/or electrical energy production.

11. Production of liquid biofuels (second generation bioethanol). Possibilities of utilisation (www.biofuelstp.eu/cellulosic-ethanol.html)

12. Experimental fields in Croatia Bistra (altitude 144 m) Sljeme (altitude 650 m)

13. Rhizomes planting 26.4.2011. Sljeme, 2011. Donja Bistra, 2011.

14. SljemeDonja Bistra 2011.

15. Donja BistraSljeme 2012.

16. Donja Bistra Sljeme 2013.

17. 2014. SljemeDonja Bistra

18. At the end of vegetation season in the 3th growing year (2013.): - plant height - number of shoots per plant - dry matter yield (10-15 days after frost) on 10 m 2 Maretials and metods

19. volatile compounds - (CEN/TS 15148:2005), ash (CEN/TS 14775:2009), fixed carbon - (CEN/TS 15148:2005), carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content (HRN EN 15104:2011), sulphur content (HRN EN 15289:2011), heating values – HHV and LHV (HRN EN 14918:2010), minor and major elements (CEN/TS 15290:2006, CEN/TS 15297:2006). Maretials and metods

20. Location Plant height (m) Shoots number per plant DM Yield (t ha -1 ) Autuman WinterSpring Bistra3,3655,2730,8821,3714,51 Sljeme2,8846,6124,2919,8815,24 Field results

21. Laboratory results AnalysisValues Proximate Moisture (%)23 Ash (%, db)2,21 Cfix (%, db)10,46 VM (%, db)77,72 HHV (MJ kg -1 )18,47 Ultimate C (%, db)48,55 H (%, db)4,24 N (%, db)0,31 O (%, db)46,44 S (%, db)0,08 Minor and major elements Cu (mg/kg, db)4.47 Mn (mg/kg, db)147.08 Zn (mg/kg, db)48.81 Fe (mg/kg, db)319.27 Na (mg/kg, db)63.94 K (mg/kg, db)892.95 Mg (mg/kg, db)330.76 Ca (mg/kg, db)907.0 PbBelow sensitivity level NiBelow sensitivity level CoBelow sensitivity level

23. Based on CORINE Land Cover (CLC) digital database there are 541,930 ha of unused agricultural land in Croatia ! Potential of Miscanthus x giganteus biomass in Croatia

24. Potential biomass yield in tons of dry matter (10 – 12) of Miscanthus x giganteus grass by counties of the Republic of Croatia on poor quality soils County5%10%15% Zagreb County16.396 – 19.67532.791 - 39.34949.187 – 59.024 Krapinsko-zagorska7.320 – 8.78414.640 - 17.56821.960 – 26.353 Sisačko-moslavačka31.531 – 37.83863.063 - 75.67594.594 – 113.513 Karlovac County26.637 – 31.96453.273 - 63.92879.910 – 95.891 Varaždin County4.405 – 5.2868.809 - 10.57113.214 -15.857 Koprivnički-križevačka6.420 – 7.70412.839 - 15.40719.259 – 23.111 Bjelovarsko-bilogorska10.468 – 12.56120.935 - 25.12231.403 – 37.684 Primorsko-goranska10.279 – 12.33420.557 - 24.66930.836 – 37.003 Ličko-senjska16.650 – 19.98033.300 - 39.96049.950 – 59.940 Virovitičko-podravska4.486 – 5.3838.972 - 10.76613.458 – 16.149 Požeško-slavonska8.168 – 9.80216.337 -19.60424.505 – 29.406 Brodsko-posavska8.667 – 10.40117.335 - 20.80226.002 – 31.202 Zadar County14.200 – 17.04028.400 - 3408042.600 – 51.120 Osječko-baranjska11.540 – 13.84823.081 - 27.69734.621 – 41.545 Šibensko-kninska14.259 – 17.11028.517 - 34.22042.776 – 51.331 Vukovarsko-srijemska4.885 – 5.8629.770 - 11.72414.655 -17.587 Splitsko-dalmatinska27.103 – 32.52454.206 - 65.04781.309 – 97.571 Istria County31.896 – 38.27563.792 - 76.55095.688 – 114.826 Dubrovačko-neretvanska9.884 – 11.86119.769 -23.72229.653 -35.583 Međimurska3.038 – 3.6466.076 -7.2919.114 -10.937 City of Zagreb2.734 – 3.2805.467 -6.5618.201 -9.841 TOTAL270.965 – 325.158541.930 – 650.316812.894 – 975.473

25. Potential biomass yield in tons of dry matter (15 – 20) of Miscanthus x giganteus grass by counties of the Republic of Croatia on better quality soils County 5%10%15% Zagreb County 24.593 – 32.79149.187 – 65.582 73.780 – 98.373 Krapinsko-zagorska 10.980 - 32.79121.960 – 29.281 32.941 - 43.921 Sisačko-moslavačka 47.297 – 14.64094.594 - 126.126 141.892 - 189.189 Karlovac County 39.955 – 63.06379.910 -106.546 119.864 - 159.819 Varaždin County 6.607 – 53.27313.214 -17.619 19.821 - 26.428 Koprivnički-križevačka 9.630 – 8.80919.259 -25.679 28.889 - 38.518 Bjelovarsko-bilogorska 15.702 - 12.83931.403 -41.871 47.105 - 62.806 Primorsko-goranska 15.418 – 20.93530.836 -41.114 46.253 - 61.671 Ličko-senjska 24.975 – 20.55749.950 -66.600 74.925 - 99.900 Virovitičko-podravska 6.729 – 33.30013.458 -17.943 20.186 - 26.915 Požeško-slavonska 12.253 – 89.7224.505 -32.674 36.758 - 49.010 Brodsko-posavska 13.001 – 16.33726.002 -34.669 39.003 - 52.004 Zadar County 21.300 – 17.33542.600 -56.800 63.900 - 85.200 Osječko-baranjska 17.311 – 28.40034.621 -46.162 51.932 - 69.242 Šibensko-kninska 21.388 – 23.08142.776 -57.034 64.163 - 85.551 Vukovarsko-srijemska 7.328 – 28.51714.655 -19.541 21.983 - 29.311 Splitsko-dalmatinska 40.655 - 9.77081.309 - 108.412 121.964 - 162.619 Istria County 47.844 – 54.20695.688 -127.584 143.532 - 191.376 Dubrovačko-neretvanska 14.826 – 63.79229.653 -39.537 44.479 - 59.306 Međimurska 4.557 – 19.7699.114 -12.152 13.671 - 18.229 City of Zagreb 4.100 – 6.0768.201 -10.934 12.301 - 16.401 TOTAL 406.447 – 541.930812.894 – 1.083.8591.219.342 – 1.625.789

26. The results confirmed that Miscanthus x giganteus grown in Croatia is environment-friendly crop with high-energy properties of biomass which is suitable for production of “green energy”. Conclusion

27. Nikola Bilandzija, Ph.D. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Engineering e-mail: nbilandzija@agr.hr Thank you for your attention !