1. Closing the loop – on-farm fluidised bed combustion of poultry litter Deirdre Lynch Carbolea University of Limerick Ireland deirdre.lynch@ul.ie

2. 2 Huge energy requirements Irish Average: 0.71 kWh per bird Recommended: 0.33 kWh Energy Use in Agriculture: SEAI report 2011 8,000 litres LPG per batch €20,160 per year on heating alone.

3. 3 Cyclical supply of litter 1,285 million broiler chickens in EU / year 109 million tonnes of litter in EU / year Source: FAOSTAT

4. 4

5. Overview 5 Poultry litter Poultry litter Fluidised bed combustor Emissions Ash Energy

6. Characterisation of Poultry Litter 6 Proximate Analysis ar*ResultSTDEV +/- Moisture % BS EN 14774-3:2009 41.82 (18.68 – 51.8) 8.88 Ash % BS EN 14775:2009 9.13 (5.95 – 15.15) 1.98 Volatiles % BS EN 15148:2009 41.9 (35.01 – 56.83) 5.98 Fixed Carbon % by difference 7.81 (5.03 – 11.72) 1.61 HHV MJ/kg BS EN 14918:2009 10.55 (8.75 – 14.27) 1.37 *ar = as received

7. Characterisation of Poultry Litter 7 Ultimate Analysis db*ResultSTDEV +/- Carbon % BS EN 15104:2011 45.17 (42.02 – 48.61) 1.55 Hydrogen % BS EN 15104:2011 5.85 (4.97 – 6.55) 0.49 Nitrogen % BS EN 15104:2011 5.16 (3.83 – 6.40) 0.57 Sulphur % BS EN 15289:2011 0.45 (0.29 – 0.6) 0.09 Chlorine % BS EN 15289:2011 0.35 (0.23 – 0.52) 0.23 Oxygen % By difference 27.25 (25.08 – 31.09) 1.41 Ash % BS EN 14775:2009 15.49 (10.61 – 19.58) 1.59 *db = dry basis

8. Selection of FBC – Suitable for poor quality fuels – Good combustion efficiency – Waste treated on-site – Simple technology 8

9. FBC Research Facility 9

10. 10

11. Emissions Monitoring 11

12. 12 Emissions mg Nm ¯³ ResultSTDEV +/-WID a PM BS EN 13284-1 0.97 0.8110 HCl BS EN 1911 0.07 0.009410 NOx BS EN 14792 359 9.0200 SO ₂ BS EN 14791 < 0.03 0.004850 CO BS EN 13526 30.6 2.850 TOC BS EN 13526 2.2 0.2210 HF BS ISO 15713 <0.03 0.00381 Cd + Tl BS EN 14385 0.001 0.00010.05 Hg BS EN 13211 0.0004 0.000050.05 Heavy metals BS EN 14385 0.041 0.00820.5 a Waste incineration directive, Annex V Reference Conditions: 273K, 101.3kPa, dry gas, 11% oxygen

13. Combustion  Ash Formation Evaporation of moisture De-volatilisation (decomposition) Char burnout & fragmentation 13 alkali metals SO ₂ /SO ₃ chlorides condensation fine ash < 2 μ m coarse ash > 2 μ m

14. Poultry Litter Ash 14 Fuel K2OK2OCaOP2O5P2O5 MgOSO 3 Na 2 O SiO 2 Fe 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 Poultry Litter 28.021.019.0 11.08.13.9 2.8 1.20.6 Miscanthus 5.212.76.5 10.8n/a1.3 53.3 1.22.4 Pine chips 4.57.91.6 2.41.2 68.2 5.47.0 Peat1.19.83.52.111.90.136.913.619.8

15. SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaOMgOP2O5P2O5 K2OK2OSO 3 Na 2 O GA2.80.61.221.011.019.028.08.13.9 Bed52.60.51.09.33.08.216.36.41.8 HE 16.40.951.025.68.627.521.155.12.6 HE 23.50.91.326.011.022.023.06.53.1 CYC5.41.01.224.710.027.922.85.452.9 BH1.50.20.37.32.77.7569.86.91.2 15 GA – generated ash at 550°C, CYC – cyclone ash, BH – baghouse ash Poultry Litter Ash

16. Disadvantages of FBC Ash – high K, Cl and S – Bed agglomeration 16 50 mm

17. Disadvantages of FBC Ash – high K, Cl and S – Bed agglomeration 17

18. Disadvantages of FBC Ash – high K, Cl and S – Bed agglomeration 18

19. Disadvantages of FBC Ash – high K, Cl and S – Bed agglomeration – Deposit formation 19

20. Disadvantages of FBC Ash – high K, Cl and S – Bed agglomeration – Deposit formation Solution – Regular maintenance – Soot blowing – Refreshing the bed 20

21. Conclusions Fluidised bed combustion of poultry litter  90 % reduction in waste  Low gaseous emissions  Potential fertiliser substitute 21

22. Conclusions Fluidised bed combustion of poultry litter 22  Sustainable, closed loop system

23. Thank you! deirdre.lynch@ul.ie www.carbolea.ul.ie University of Limerick Supervisors: Dr. J. J. Leahy Dr. Witold Kwapinski 23