1. 8.2 A CHANGING SOCIETY Grade 8 United States History – Mrs. Stock – Wellwood Middle School Brooklyn Bridge. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2816517/1/115_2816517/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2816517/1/115_2816517/cite

2. Putting Things into Perspective: Key Idea: – Industrialization and immigration contributed to the urbanization of America. Problems resulting from these changes sparked the Progressive Movement and increased calls for reform. IndustrializationImmigration Rapid Urbanization Smoking Steel Mills In Sheffield. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/300_351607/1/300_351607/citehttp://quest.eb.com/search/300_351607/1/300_351607/cite New York City. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_2020300/1/139_2020300/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/139_2020300/1/139_2020300/cite

3. Investigating How Industrialization Created a New Urban Culture Time Period Turn of the 20 th Century Historical Context Post-Reconstruction Era New Industrial Revolution spurred by innovative technologies & expanding RRs Mass migration of Southerners and foreign IMMIGRANTS to the CITIES in search of JOB OPPORTUNITIES Ford assembly line. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1911942/1/139_1911942/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1911942/1/139_1911942/cite

4. INDUSTRIALIZATION’S COMPELLING QUESTION Is progress always beneficial to society?

5. Guiding Questions As we investigate the impact of the New Industrial Revolution on the United States continually ask yourself … How did the industrialization of the United States change the economy, society, and politics of the nation? New York, subway, Opening 1904. Photo. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_240379/1/109_240379/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/109_240379/1/109_240379/cite

6. Analyzing Flow Charts INDUSTRIALIZATION Resulted from abundant natural resources, improved technologies, and expanding rail lines. BIG BUSINESS Wealthy businessmen prospered at the expense of their labor force. Poor working conditions. DEVELOPMENT of LABOR UNIONS Fought to improve working conditions - higher wages, shorter hours, safety regulations INDUSTRIALIZATION Sparked a need for workers to fill job opportunities. INFLUX in IMMIGRATION to the United States Hopeful Americans and optimistic Eastern European, Asian, and Mexican immigrants seek employment. RAPID URBANIZATION Growth of cities results in poor living and working conditions for many families. REFORM MOVEMENTS Reformers challenge government to regulate big business and improve the lifestyles of US citizens.

8. Why Industry Boomed IDEAL CONDITIONS Access to vast amounts of NATURAL RESOURCES – Coal- Copper – Iron- Lumber – Lead New Technologies Favorable government policies – Land Grants – Subsidies – High Protective Tariffs on imported goods Copper mine, Arizona, USA. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1229726/1/132_1229726/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1229726/1/132_1229726/cite

9. STEEL Development of the STRONGERLOWER STRONGER steel at a LOWER price Steel mills spring up across the Pittsburgh Midwest; Pittsburgh becomes the nation’s steel capital Steel Tycoons: – Andrew Carnegie – J.P. Morgan Henry Bessemer. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2748302/1/115_2748302/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2748302/1/115_2748302/cite

10. Bessemer Process / Woodcut / 1886. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_130839/1/109_130839/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/109_130839/1/109_130839/cite

11. Steel Works Pittsburgh / Photo / 1903. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_158988/1/109_158988/citehttp://quest.eb.com/search/109_158988/1/109_158988/cite Steel Works. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_897197/1/115_897197/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/115_897197/1/115_897197/cite

12. OIL Titusville, PA (1859) Exciting new source of ENERGY discovered GASOLINE Refined crude oil used as lubricants for machines and ultimately GASOLINE! Oil Tycoon: – John D. Rockefeller 19th century oil well boring rig. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1246832/1/132_1246832/citehttp://quest.eb.com/search/132_1246832/1/132_1246832/cite

14. RAILROADS networks CONSOLIDATED eliminated competition Through the creation of RR networks, large companies CONSOLIDATED small businesses and eliminated competition – Lowered costs – Increased efficiency – Faster travel and shipment times set high prices Allowed RRs to set high prices farmers Angered small farmers RR Tycoon: RR Tycoon: – Cornelius Vanderbilt Montage of US trains. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/108_1090631/1/108_1090631/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/108_1090631/1/108_1090631/cite

15. INNOVATION STATION Edison's Menlo Park Lab. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_2013766/1/139_2013766/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/139_2013766/1/139_2013766/cite Thomas Edison, US inventor. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1254570/1/132_1254570/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1254570/1/132_1254570/cite

16. Communication Revolution A.G. Bell 1876 – A.G. Bell invents the telephone PATENT Most valuable PATENT ever issued Revolutionized business communication G. Bell, Portrait photo c.1917.. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_126717/1/109_126717/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/109_126717/1/109_126717/cite Alexander Bell, Photo 1892. Photo. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_236386/1/109_236386/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/109_236386/1/109_236386/cite

17. Home & Office Innovations Wheatstone typewriter, 1851.. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/102_526955/1/102_526955/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/102_526955/1/102_526955/cite Typewriters, L to R: Lambert, produced by Gramophone and Typewriter Co., c. 1900, Columbia, the first with differential spacing, 1886, Blickensderfer, 1893-1910. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/170_2983552/1/170_2983552/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/170_2983552/1/170_2983552/cite

18. Trains! Planes! Automobiles! (& the Assembly Line!) Wright brothers, US aviation pioneers. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1257516/1/132_1257516/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1257516/1/132_1257516/cite Seats and Engine of a Wright Brothers Airplane. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/107_297501/1/107_297501/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/107_297501/1/107_297501/cite

19. First Flight by Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/107_301457/1/107_301457/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/107_301457/1/107_301457/cite

20. Henry Ford. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1942709/1/139_1942709/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1942709/1/139_1942709/cite An Assembly Line at the Ford Motor Company, c.1910-20. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/108_251257/1/108_251257/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/108_251257/1/108_251257/cite

21. HOMEWORK CHECK!! Chapter 18 Section 1 What did the country have that allowed for growth in industry? – An abundance of natural resources – Favorable government policies such as land grants and subsidies ($, benefits) to RRs – High tariffs on imported goods (encouraged consumers to buy American made goods) – New innovative technology

22. HOMEWORK CHECK!!! Chapter 18 Section 1 Explain how the Bessemer Process created a steel boom. – The Bessemer Process created stronger steel (from iron ore) at a lower cost. – Steel could now be mass-produced quickly and cheaply. – As prices dropped, production output increased – The backbone of RRs, shipping, and cities – Steel = ANDREW CARNEGIE

23. HOMEWORK CHECK!!! Chapter 18 Section 1 Explain why oil became a valuable natural resource. – Refined oil was used as machinery lubricants, kerosene (burns but does not explode), and eventually gasoline. – Oil = ROCKEFELLER

24. HOMEWORK CHECK!!! Chapter 18 Section 1 What is a “network” and how did railroad owners seek to eliminate competition? – A network is a series of rail lines connected together – RR networks began to link Eastern and Western cities to one another – To eliminate competition, RRs consolidated (combined) small lines, offered rebates (discounts), and fixed rates – Think TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

25. HOMEWORK CHECK!!! Chapter 18 Section 1 Edison’s Invention Factory Electric light bulb Phonograph Motion picture camera Edison opens 1 st electric power plant in NYC Communications Alexander G. Bell’s telephone revolutionized business. Created the American Telephone & Telegraph Co.

26. HOMEWORK CHECK!!! Chapter 18 Section 1 The Home and Office Typewriter invented by C. Shoales made office work faster and cheaper. Lightweight camera invented by G. Eastman allows ordinary people to record their lives on film. Transportation Henry Ford introduces the use of the assembly line to mass produce the automobile – Faster production at a lower cost made the product available to millions! The Wright Bros. invent the 1 st gas powered airplane

27. HOMEWORK CHECK!!! Chapter 18 Section 1 Explain how American life changed as a result of these inventions. – More convenient, close connections between distant people and places, able to respond to another’s needs at a faster rate Why would you want a government patent for your invention? – It gives the inventor the sole right to make and sell an invention Explain why mass production and the assembly line revolutionized transportation. – Producing numerous cars at one time was cheaper and faster. It made the car available to a large number of people because it was now more affordable.

28. So What Exactly is a Patent? A property right granted by the government to an inventor for a NEW, USEFUL, and NON- OBVIOUS invention. Allows inventors to prevent others from MAKING, USING, or SELLING their inventions without permission for a LIMITED TIME, in exchange for sharing the details and instructions of their inventions with the public.

29. So What Exactly is a Patent? It’s a way to PROTECT YOUR IDEAS!! (intellectual property) An invention must be NOVEL, USEFUL, and NON- OBVIOUS to be granted a PATENT in the US (by the US Patent & Trademark Office) – Novel: the invention is different from all other inventions – Useful: the invention works and has a purpose – Non-Obvious: invention is different enough from all other inventions that it would take more than common sense to combine ideas to make that invention

30. So What Exactly is a Patent? Turing ideas into inventions has helped humans to survive and our world to evolve! In your groups discuss the following: – Why do people invent? – Why are patents important? – Can you think of any reasons why someone might not want to get a patent?

31. Think About It… What conditions spurred the growth of industry? What inventions changed American society?

32. BIG BUSINESS What do these two images have in common? Standard Oil Gas Station. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/129_1711893/1/129_1711893/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/129_1711893/1/129_1711893/cite Oil Well. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_871932/1/115_871932/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/115_871932/1/115_871932/cite

33. The New Industrial Revolution & the Income Gap Business Owners dishonest Unscrupulous (dishonest) business tactics Little contact with employees desire to earn huge profits Motivated by the desire to earn huge profits at the expense of their employees Robber Barons Known as Robber Barons Laborers dangerous working conditions Confronted by dangerous working conditions Long hours Long hours Low pay Low pay women & children Many were women & children Child labor. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1909112/1/139_1909112/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1909112/1/139_1909112/cite

34. Business Expansion & Organization ENTREPRENEUR The “brains” behind a business is the ENTREPRENEUR – Risk-taker, money-maker – Capital =$$$ CORPORATIONS Businesses boomed with the creation of CORPORATIONS – Businesses run by a group of stockholders who only risked the amount of money they invested Banks Banks thrived by lending corporations huge amounts of capital (loans) – J.P. Morgan (railroad and steel industry tycoon)

35. Business Expansion & Organization How did the government’s approach to business impact it’s expansion at the turn of the 20 th century?

36. Business Organization MONOPOLY Company that controls most or all businesses in a particular industry TRUST Group of corporations run by a single board of directors A.Carnegie in his library / 1905. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_106467/1/109_106467/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/109_106467/1/109_106467/cite Finance and Economy - John D. Rockefeller. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/158_2449778/1/158_2449778/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/158_2449778/1/158_2449778/cite

37. Is Big Business Good Business? Supporters / Advocates positively impacted the economy & created jobs Believed big business positively impacted the economy & created jobs “Captains of Industry” Viewed the business elite as “Captains of Industry” Supported limiting costly competition Lower prices afford more goods Lower prices allowed American consumers to afford more goods “survival of the fittest” Believed in Social Darwinism “survival of the fittest” Critics Threat to free enterprise and capitalism Threat to free enterprise and capitalism Robber Barons Viewed the business elite as Robber Barons Unfairly eliminated competition influence politicians Believed business leaders used their power & wealth to influence politicians CAPITALISM – economic system in which wealth is PRIVATELY OWNED

38. Analyzing Political Cartoons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_oil_octopus_loc_color.jpg

39. Analyzing Political Cartoons The Helping Hand https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/

40. You Be the Judge Captains of Industry Business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way. Examples include: – Increased productivity – Expansion of markets – Providing more jobs – Acts of philanthropy Robber Barons Disparaging term used to describe a powerful 19 th century businessman or banker who used questionable or unethical business practices to become powerful or wealthy A wealthy person who gives money & time to help make life better for other people

41. The Great Philanthropists - Andrew Carnegie. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/158_2438124/1/158_243 8124/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/158_2438124/1/158_243 8124/cite Cornelius Vanderbilt / Photo. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_148158/1/109_148158/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/109_148158/1/109_148158/cite ROBBER BARON or CAPTAIN of INDUSTRY ACTIVITY!

42. ANDREW CARNEGIE How he ACQUIRED his wealth Various Business Ventures – RR, coal, iron, oil Steel Production Name of CompanyCarnegie Steel Company (Pittsburgh, PA) -example of a monopoly How he TREATED his workers Famous Homestead Strike (1892) ended in the steel union workers defeat How he SPENT his money How he DONATED his money PHILANTHROPIST (public libraries, research in science, education, world peace) Eventually gave away more than $350 million Famous for “The Gospel of Wealth” Carnegie Hall (NYC concert venue) ROBBER BARON or CAPTAIN of INDUSTRY?

43. J.P. MORGAN How he ACQUIRED his wealth Financier (wealthy banker) – railroads Vertical integration of companies Name of CompanyU.S. Steel Corporation, General Electric, J.P. Morgan & Co. How he TREATED his workers How he SPENT his money Art collections How he DONATED his money ROBBER BARON or CAPTAIN of INDUSTRY?

44. John D. Rockefeller How he ACQUIRED his wealth How he TREATED his workers How he SPENT his money How he DONATED his money ROBBER BARON or CAPTAIN of INDUSTRY?

45. Dangerous Working Conditions

46. Long Hours – Little Pay Women & children working in textile mills. Child Labor. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1911809/1/139_1911809/cite http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1911809/1/139_1911809/citeSWEATSHOPS: manufacturing workshop where workers toil long hours under poor conditions for low pay.

47. Contaminated Working Conditions

48. Child Laborers All images from Britannica ImageQuest

49. Think About It… Industrialization Rise of Big Business Dangerous working conditions THE NEED FOR ????

50. The Labor Movement laborers organized improve their conditions In response to shifts in working conditions, laborers organized and employed a variety of strategies in an attempt to improve their conditions. Labor Unions Labor Unions – organized groups of workers uniting together for the purpose of better working conditions GOALS GOALS – Safer working conditions – Higher wages – Shorter hours

51. Early Labor Unions KNIGHTS of LABOR Led by Terrence Powderly Admitted women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled workers Public rallies used to gain public support Involvement with violent labor disputes caused the public to distrust unions AMERICAN FEDERATION of LABOR Led by Samuel Gompers Became the leading union in the country Admitted only skilled workers – Costly to train replacements Collective bargaining used to gain public support – Negotiating with management

52. Labor Union Tactics Strikes Rallies Collective Bargaining – unions NEGOTIATE with management for workers as a group Which method do you think would be the most effective and why?

53. Famous Labor Strikes Who: What: Where: When: Why: How the government responded: How the public responded:

54. “Innovations Bellringer” – Name that Invention! Use the following clues to help you figure out what many consider to be some of the most important inventions in history! – The “Old School” internet/mass production/ helped spread new & controversial ideas – “Old School” GPS/ navigation before Google Maps existed! – No longer had to pay in gold & silver / important to the birth of credit cards and electronic banking – I’m responsible for the construction of modern cities, cars, railroads, bridges, and so much more! – Thanks to me, night could turn into day! – My series of dots and dashes helped pave the way for worldwide communication and even sparked the idea of the telephone! – Thanks to my discovery and love of mold I saved the lives of thousands of soldiers during WWII! – My basic principle of energy-into-motion set the stage for later innovations like the internal combustion engine and jet turbine.