1. Investigating the Carbon Cycle in Terrestrial Ecosystems (ICCTE) A joint program between: The University of New Hampshire, USA AND Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

2. The Carbon Cycle Science Team Scott Ollinger Sarah SilverbergRita Freuder Annette SchlossBobby BraswellMary Martin Jana Albrechtova

3. Carbon: A building block of life What is C Why is C important How is C measured How YOU can measure C The most abundant element in living things Accounts for 45-50% of the total mass of plants and animals. Also present in the Earth’s land, atmosphere and oceans

4. Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas The Greenhouse Effect What is C Why is C important How is C measured How YOU can measure C

5. The Global Carbon Cycle What is C Why is C important How is C measured How YOU can measure C

6. Mauna Loa Hawaii Atmospheric CO 2 Record 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 195519651975198519952005 Atmospheric CO 2 (ppmv) Keeling & Whorf 1998 Level of Certainty: 100% Changing Atmospheric Conditions What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C?

7. Projected Increases in CO 2 What is CWhy is C important How is C measuredFuture scenarios

8. FLUXNET What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? Global network of flux towers that are used to measure CO 2 exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Developed to better understand carbon cycling globally. Sites also include measurements on vegetation, soils, hydrology and meteorology. Information available to both researchers and the public.

9. North American Carbon Program (NACP) What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? IESSP NACP builds on FLUXNET to further understand sources and sinks of the carbon cycle. 4 levels of resolution or tiers Tier 1: small scale, extremely high resolution, flux towers Tier 2: small scale, annual, large variety of measurements Tier 3: larger scale, decadal, basic biometrics, (build on long term datasets) Tier 4: large spatial extent through mapping and remote sensing Field measurements (Tiers 2&3) can then be used to validate flux tower and remote sensing data

10. Eddy Covariance CO 2 Exchange Method Wind direction Turbulent eddies

11. Carbon at the Local Scale What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C?

12. AVIRIS EO-1Hyperion 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 0.501.001.502.002.503.00 Field Measured %N AVIRIS Predicted %N R 2 = 0.84 AVIRIS Foliar N Predicted vs. Observed Remote Sensing of Foliar Nitrogen What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? Remote sensing of chlorophyll, foliar nitrogen, and leaf area index is correlated to field measurements. When these leaf traits are remotely sensed you can estimate net primary productivity (carbon uptake) across regions and the world.

13. Models help us synthesize knowledge. Identify gaps in current knowledge and guide future research. Models can be used to conduct experiments that are not possible in real-world settings. Field measurements drive the models so they come close to making accurate predictions The Role of Models in Ecological Analysis What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C?

14. Existing and New Protocols What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? Hand held device that uses reflectance bands similar to remote sensing to measure leaf chlorophyll content Established equations relate chlorophyll to foliar nitrogen

15. Learning Activities for Students What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? Ecological measurements related to plant biomass, nutrient status and growth rate. Simple observation of different types of vegetation in the schoolyard Does different vegetation store different amounts of C? How does the growth rate of the vegetation affect C exchange with the atmosphere? Biometry measurements Leaf collection

16. Learning Activities for Students What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? Exercises that lead students to connect rates of carbon cycling within ecosystems with rates of carbon emissions associated with various human activities. Including a computer game for elementary students How much C is stored in one tree? How much C is stored in all the trees in our school site? How much CO2 is emitted by my transportation to school everyday? How much CO2 is emitted to heat or cool our school building?

17. Learning Activities for Students What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? A remote sensing toolkit that allows students to use GLOBE data to estimate C budgets at local and continental spatial scales. Our group has an existing website that takes large quantities of data and images and makes them accessible and easy to use for the public http://eos-webster.sr.unh.edu

18. Learning Activities for Students What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? A simple ecosystem computer model designed to allow students to use their own measurements to estimate a C budget for their field site. Leaf collections Tree measurements Live foliage chemistry Green up & Green down

19. Learning Activities for Students What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? A set of exercises involving data from FLUXNET that will introduce advance technological methods and improve quantitative skills. An opportunity to ask questions about differences between different sites: Why is C exchange higher in Spain than South Africa? How do C estimates at my school site compare to those measured across the globe?

20. We are Excited to Join the GLOBE Team! What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C? sarah.silverberg@unh.edu scott.ollinger@unh.edu

22. Winter 1998 The Pulse of the Planet: Estimated Chlorophyll Concentration SeaWiFS Satellite Data

23. Summer 1998 The Pulse of the Planet: Estimated Chlorophyll Concentration SeaWiFS Satellite Data

24. Temperature Changes Mirror Changes in CO 2 What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C?

25. Atmospheric CO 2 (ppm) 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Years Before Present Vostok Ice Core CO 2 Record 420,000 years ago to the present 150 200 250 300 350 Barnola et al. 1999 Present (2001) 400 Ice Core Data Mauna Loa Record Inter-Glacial Maximum Glacial Minimum Atmospheric CO 2 Over Geological Time Scales What is C? Why is C important ? How is C measured? How YOU can measure C?

26. “Planet Earth Has Entered a NEW Era That Has No Historical Precedent” Berrien Moore III Chairman International Global Biosphere Program Director Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space “The Earth’s Climate System is an Angry Beast and We are Poking it with Sticks” Wallace Broeker Columbia University, Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory