1. GENETICS VOCABULARY SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2012

2. IMPORTANT TERMS:  Genetics:  The study of the relationship between genes and heredity  Mitosis  Division of nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei  Meiosis  Cell division process that involves two divisions with only one duplication of chromosomes  Parent cell  Cell that divides by mitosis into two genetically identical cells  Daughter cells  Genetically identical cells produced from parent cell

3. IMPORTANT TERMS:  Chromatin  Thread-like structure of DNA and proteins in nucleus  Chromatid  Each of the two identical chromosome strands in a replicated chromosome attached by their shared centromere  Chromosome  Carries genes, formed when chromatin condenses Chromatid (when together and chromosome when separated)

4. IMPORTANT TERMS:  Gene  Segment of DNA that carries the code for a specific protein  Allele  One form of a gene for specific trait (ex. If gene was eye colour, allele would be blue/brown/green)  Diploid  (2n) number of chromosomes in a body cell of an organism, having two chromosomes of each type per cell  Haploid  (n) number of chromosomes in a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, present in gametes  Somatic cells  General body cells, have the diploid number of chromosomes  Sex cells  Haploid reproductive cells, sperm and egg, whose union is necessary in sexual reproduction to initiate the development of a new individual (also called gametes)  Gametes  Egg and sperm cells that unite during sexual reproduction

5. CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2012

6. THE CELL CYCLE: Interphase:  in between stages of dividing  G1—beginning cell growth  S—DNA duplicates (makes a copy)  DNA is in the form of chromatin  G2—cell undergoes it’s function Purpose:  to replace dead or dying cells  to allow an organism to grow and develop interphase Mitosis animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhgRhXl 7w_g

7. MITOSIS: What is it?  DNA copies (chromosomes) are separated & sorted into two sides of the cell  the cell then splits in two and part of each parent is carried to the two new cells.  each ‘daughter’ cell is identical to the parent cell  results in cells such as internal organs, skin, bones, blood, etc.

8. PHASES OF MITOSIS:  Interphase  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase  Cytokinesis IPMATC

9. Interphase occurs just before Mitosis begins: DNA is replicated along with organelles and other cellular components and the cell prepares for division. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm

10. Mitosis Interphase Animal cellPlant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

11. STEP 1:Prophase (preparation phase) the DNA recoils, and the chromosomes condense the nuclear membrane disappears mitotic spindles begin to form Nuclear membrane

12. Mitosis Prophase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Animal cell Plant cell

13. STEP 2: Metaphase (organizational phase)  spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere  chromosomes line up the middle of the cell

14. Mitosis Metaphase Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

15. STEP 3: Anaphase (separation phase)  the chromosomes split at the centromere  the ‘sister’ chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell.

16. Mitosis Anaphase Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Animal Cell

17. STEP 4: Telophase  the chromosomes, the cytoplasm and organelles divide into 2 portions.  this diagram shows the end of telophase

18. Mitosis Telophase Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

19. After Mitosis: Cytokinesis  the actual splitting of the cytoplasm into two separate cells is called cytokinesis  occurs differently in both plant and animal cells  Animal cells: cleavage furrow pinches cell  Plant cells: cell plate forms in between Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant: Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm

20. Mitosis  Mitosis animations:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WwIKdyBN_s&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WwIKdyBN_s&feature=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0