1. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Modeling Suspended Solids Jason Hamel October 8, 2004

2. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Outline ObjectiveObjective Water ModelingWater Modeling Suspended SolidsSuspended Solids Hydrolight Analysis Test CasesHydrolight Analysis Test Cases ConclusionConclusion

3. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Objective Examine the effect of suspended solids on water leaving radianceExamine the effect of suspended solids on water leaving radiance –Perform a sensitivity study utilizing various cases of composition, particle size, and concentration to determine the impact of these factors on the radiance –Analyze the possible errors associated with using incorrect IOP’s when modeling water bodies Tools:Tools: –Oops –Hydrolight

4. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Water Modeling Hydrolight is our current water modeling tool until photon mapping is finished developmentHydrolight is our current water modeling tool until photon mapping is finished development To model the radiance leaving the water surface Hydrolight needs defined:To model the radiance leaving the water surface Hydrolight needs defined: –Illumination –Surface wind speed –Water quality parameters –Bottom conditions

5. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Water Modeling Water quality parametersWater quality parameters –Material components in the water column (typically included is pure water, chlorophyll, suspended solids, and color dissolved organic matter) »Concentration »Absorption coefficient »Scattering coefficient »Scattering phase function –All variables can be defined for wavelength and depth

6. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Modeling Problems Shortcomings with current water modelingShortcomings with current water modeling –Hydrolight is not fully appropriate for the shore area –Absorption/scattering coefficients and phase functions are a mix of old data not applicable to the waters being modeled –Most of these IOP’s are exceedingly hard to measure for specific water quality components OptionsOptions –Modeling the IOP’s would allow us to examine different conditions without having to find and measure waters that match the desired cases

7. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T New Modeling Opportunity Oops has been supplied by Cornell and is operationalOops has been supplied by Cornell and is operational Offers the ability to generate various IOP’s of in-water constituents if we know some basic properties of the materialsOffers the ability to generate various IOP’s of in-water constituents if we know some basic properties of the materials Can generate test data sets with Hydrolight to analyze how specific constituents effect the water leaving radianceCan generate test data sets with Hydrolight to analyze how specific constituents effect the water leaving radiance Better test sets for Hydrolight will allow better validation of Photon Mapping when it becomes availableBetter test sets for Hydrolight will allow better validation of Photon Mapping when it becomes available

8. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Suspended Solids in Oops Basic physical and optical properties needed by Oops to model IOP’s:Basic physical and optical properties needed by Oops to model IOP’s: –Suspended solids composition –Refractive index –Density –Particle size distribution –Suspended solids concentration

9. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Particle References Particle References Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water- Supply Paper 2254. U.S. Geological Survey, third edition.Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water- Supply Paper 2254. U.S. Geological Survey, third edition. Eisma, D. (1993). Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment. Springer-Verlag.Eisma, D. (1993). Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment. Springer-Verlag.

10. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Particle Analysis References Hanna, R. B., Karcich, K. J., and Johnson, D. L. (1980). Determination of particle identities via a computer assisted SEM-EDXA system. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1980/I:323- 328.Hanna, R. B., Karcich, K. J., and Johnson, D. L. (1980). Determination of particle identities via a computer assisted SEM-EDXA system. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1980/I:323- 328. Johnson, D. L., McIntyre, B., Fortmann, R., Stevens, R. K., and Hanna, R. B. (1981). A chemical element comparison of individual particle analysis and bulk analysis methods. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1981/I:469-476.Johnson, D. L., McIntyre, B., Fortmann, R., Stevens, R. K., and Hanna, R. B. (1981). A chemical element comparison of individual particle analysis and bulk analysis methods. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1981/I:469-476. Xhoffer, C., Wouters, L., and Van Grieken, R. (1992). Characterization of individual particles in the north sea surface microlayer and underlying seawater: comparison with atmospheric particles. Environmental Science and Technology, 26(11):2151-2162.Xhoffer, C., Wouters, L., and Van Grieken, R. (1992). Characterization of individual particles in the north sea surface microlayer and underlying seawater: comparison with atmospheric particles. Environmental Science and Technology, 26(11):2151-2162.

11. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Size Distribution References Simpson, W. R. (1982). Particulate matter in the oceans-sampling methods, concentration, size distribution, and particle dynamics. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 20:119-172.Simpson, W. R. (1982). Particulate matter in the oceans-sampling methods, concentration, size distribution, and particle dynamics. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 20:119-172. Eisma, D., Bernard, P., Cadée, G. C., Ittekkot, V., Kalf, J., Laane, R., Martin, J. M., Mook, W. G., Van Put, A., and Schuhmacher, T. (1991). Suspended-matter particle size in some west-european estuaries; part i: Particle-size distribution. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 28(3):193-214.Eisma, D., Bernard, P., Cadée, G. C., Ittekkot, V., Kalf, J., Laane, R., Martin, J. M., Mook, W. G., Van Put, A., and Schuhmacher, T. (1991). Suspended-matter particle size in some west-european estuaries; part i: Particle-size distribution. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 28(3):193-214. Niedergesäss, R., Eden, H., and Schnier, C. (1996). Trace element concentrations in suspended particulate matter fractionated according to the settling velocity. suspended particulate matter in rivers and estuaries. Advances in Limnology, 47:41-52.Niedergesäss, R., Eden, H., and Schnier, C. (1996). Trace element concentrations in suspended particulate matter fractionated according to the settling velocity. suspended particulate matter in rivers and estuaries. Advances in Limnology, 47:41-52.

12. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Suspended Solids Analysis Bulk analysisBulk analysis –Reports total amount of matter in suspension (material retained on a 0.4-0.5  m pore size filter) –Fairly easy to perform either in the lab or with newer portable instruments –Broad overview of how much “stuff” is in water Particle analysisParticle analysis –Gives a far better analysis of the suspended solids –Can analyze by element type, size distribution, concentration, and other related measurements –Fairly time consuming and requires specific, usually fairly expensive equipment

13. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Bulk Analysis Basic measure of weight of material to volume of water (usually in mg/L or g/L)Basic measure of weight of material to volume of water (usually in mg/L or g/L) Rivers range from 0.5mg/L to 10g/LRivers range from 0.5mg/L to 10g/L USGS supplies a large database of 1593 measurement stations that measure suspended solids concentration daily to yearly with average record lengths of 5.3 yearsUSGS supplies a large database of 1593 measurement stations that measure suspended solids concentration daily to yearly with average record lengths of 5.3 years

14. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Individual Particle Analysis Two main ways to look at suspended solidsTwo main ways to look at suspended solids –Particle type »Geological type of view »Particles listed by chemical formula »Gives insight into possible sources of various materials –Element type »Particles are arranged more based on content of elemental chemical material »Far quicker analysis of samples with techniques like computer assisted electron scanning microscopy or electron probe x-ray micro- analysis

15. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Example Measurement Categories AluminosilicatesAluminosilicates Si-ContainingSi-Containing Ti-richTi-rich S-richS-rich Fe-richFe-rich Mn-richMn-rich K-richK-rich Ca-richCa-rich Si-Mg-richSi-Mg-rich Si-Ti-richSi-Ti-rich Fe-Ti-richFe-Ti-rich Ca-S-richCa-S-rich K-S-richK-S-rich Mg-S-richMg-S-rich MiscellaneousMiscellaneous

16. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Sample Analysis Sample1234Sample1234 Pure aluminosilicates855Pure aluminosilicates855 Aluminosilicates11Aluminosilicates11 Fe-aluminosilicates12Fe-aluminosilicates12 Fe-rich aluminosilicates331510Fe-rich aluminosilicates331510 Si-rich2012119Si-rich2012119 Ti-rich25534148Ti-rich25534148 S-rich2S-rich2 Fe-rich23Fe-rich23 Mn-rich1Mn-rich1 K-rich1K-rich1 Ca-S-rich62Ca-S-rich62 K-S-rich12K-S-rich12 Mg-S rich2Mg-S rich2 Misc30174Misc30174

17. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Suspended Solids Composition QuartzSiO 2QuartzSiO 2 FeldsparsFeldspars –OrthoclaseKAlSi 3 O 8 –AlbiteNaAlSi 3 O 8 –AnorthiteCaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 Clay mineralsClay minerals –KaoliniteAl 4 (OH) 8 [Si 4 O 10 ] –Chlorite(Al, Mg, Fe) 3 (OH) 2 [(Al,Si} 4 O 10 ] Mg 3 (OH) –Illite(K, H 2 O) Al 2 (H 2 O, OH) 2 [AlSi 3 O 10 ] –Montmorillonite{(AL 2-x Mg x ) (OH) 2 [Si 4 O 10 ]} -x Na x. n H 1 O Calcite/aragoniteCaCO 3Calcite/aragoniteCaCO 3 OpalSiO 2 (amorphous)OpalSiO 2 (amorphous)

18. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Refractive Indices Quartz1.5441.553Quartz1.5441.553 FeldsparsFeldspars –Orthoclase1.5231.5271.531 –Albite1.5271.5311.538 –Anorthite1.5771.5851.590 ClaysClays –Kaolinite1.5491.5641.565 –Chlorite1.611.621.62 –Illite1.561.591.59 –Montmorillonite1.551.571.57 Calcium CarbonateCalcium Carbonate –Calcite1.4861.658 –Aragonite1.5311.6801.686 Opal1.44Opal1.44

19. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Refractive Index of Calcite

20. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Refractive Index of Quartz

21. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Typical Particle Size Distribution

22. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T In Situ Size Distributions Example work by Eisma et al. of surveys of West- European estuariesExample work by Eisma et al. of surveys of West- European estuaries Measurements made using a Benthos plankton cameraMeasurements made using a Benthos plankton camera Found 80% of particulate matter in suspension as flocs larger than 100  m in sizeFound 80% of particulate matter in suspension as flocs larger than 100  m in size

23. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Size Distributions Across Elements

24. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Hydrolight Analysis Now that some variations of suspended solids are known, Oops can generate various suspend solid IOP’sNow that some variations of suspended solids are known, Oops can generate various suspend solid IOP’s These IOP’s can operate as variables in Hydrolight to test the effect different suspended solids have on the water leaving radianceThese IOP’s can operate as variables in Hydrolight to test the effect different suspended solids have on the water leaving radiance Since the different IOP’s are of main interest, most Hydrolight inputs will be held constant between runsSince the different IOP’s are of main interest, most Hydrolight inputs will be held constant between runs

25. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Hydrolight Analysis Illumination conditionsIllumination conditions –Constant, based on illumination in the Rochester area during the summer near noon Surface conditionsSurface conditions –Constant, 1 m/s to simulate calmest non-zero wave conditions Bottom conditionsBottom conditions –Constant, preferable to have a lambertian reflector

26. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Hydrolight Analysis Water Quality conditionsWater Quality conditions –Oops variables: »Particle types Quartz, albite, kaolinite, calcite, and opalQuartz, albite, kaolinite, calcite, and opal »Refractive index Basic RI for each particle type and a second RI spectrum for calcite and quartzBasic RI for each particle type and a second RI spectrum for calcite and quartz »Size distribution Junge distribution with coefficient of 2, 3, 4 and 5Junge distribution with coefficient of 2, 3, 4 and 5 Size ranges of 0.2-125  m, 0.2-60  m, and 10- 60  mSize ranges of 0.2-125  m, 0.2-60  m, and 10- 60  m Gaussian distribution over 0.2-60  mGaussian distribution over 0.2-60  m

27. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Hydrolight Analysis Water quality conditionsWater quality conditions –Hydrolight variables »The various absorption and scatter coefficients and phase functions generated by Oops variable sets »Concentrations HighHighHigh Long Pond LowMediumMedium Lake Conesus LowLowLow Lake Ontario ZeroZeroMedium TSS Only CDOMCHLTSS Water Type

28. Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Conclusion Given current understanding of suspended solids, will perform a sensitivity study examining the effect changing suspended solid IOP’s has on the water leaving radiance as supplied by HydrolightGiven current understanding of suspended solids, will perform a sensitivity study examining the effect changing suspended solid IOP’s has on the water leaving radiance as supplied by Hydrolight Determine the error that might be incurred by modeling an improper selection of IOP’s in a sceneDetermine the error that might be incurred by modeling an improper selection of IOP’s in a scene