1. 4 C’s of Writing
The primary goal of all communication is receiver – reader understanding.
To achieve this goal, writers apply the C’s of writing:
clarity,
conciseness,
completeness, and
correctness.

2. Clarity Clarity is achieved when
the reader understands a message
as the writer intended.
Word choice and coherence affect clarity

3. Clarity – Word Choice
Choose short, familiar words your reader will understand.
Clear words are often called “talk” words
Used in day-to-day speaking.

4. Clarity - Coherence Clear messages need to be coherent.
Flow naturally
Related to each other.
Transitional words and phrases help make messages coherent.
Use transitional words and phrases as bridges to join ideas.

5. Conciseness Concise messages
Present the necessary information.
Express in the fewest words possible.
The key to being brief, concise, effective
Make every word count.
Limit repetition
Eliminate excess words
Use active verbs.

6. Conciseness – Limit repetition
You can reduce repetition by:
Using a shortened form of a noun.
Using a pronoun in place of a noun.
The next slide shows these two techniques.

7. Conciseness – Limit repetition
ORIGINAL:
Johan Erickson was office manager for Ador and Smith from June 11, 1995, until February 27, Johan Erickson was efficient and effective. Johan Erickson worked well with the employees he supervised and scheduled the work of the employees he supervised to assure prompt, correct completion of the tasks assigned to the employees.
REVISION:
Johan Erickson was office manager for Ador and Smith from June 11, 1995, until February 27, Johan was efficient and effective. He worked well with the employees he supervised and scheduled their work to assure prompt, correct completion of the tasks assigned to them.

8. Conciseness – Eliminate excess words
A word is excess if it is not needed for correct grammar or clear meaning.

9. Conciseness – Eliminate excess words
WORDY:
There are three people who can
at the time we were meeting
move up to Canada
combine together
in the vicinity of
send back
at the present time
due to the fact that
the meeting on May 10
CONCISE:
Three people can
while we met
move to Canada
combine
near
return
now
because
the May 10 meeting

10. Conciseness – Use active verbs
Active verbs create messages that are concise, direct, and forceful.
Active verbs perform an action (i.e., think, choose, planted, indicated).

11. Eample: Active –Inactive Verbs
EXAMPLE
Active verb: The members elected Carlos Esteban.
Passive verb: Carlos Esteban was elected by the members.
Avoid passive or inactive verbs, such as is, was, were, has, have, be, been.

12. Completeness A message is complete What information is “necessary”
when all information necessary for a reader to understand it is included.
What information is “necessary”
depends on the writing situation.
Be sure you have asked and answered–
who? what? when? where? why? and how? questions.

13. Correctness
Writing is correct when content and mechanics are accurate.
Grammar and punctuation errors can affect meaning and create a poor impression of writers.
Check grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Seek someone’s help to make sure your writing is correct.

14. Correctness
Three steps to do after you complete a draft of your writing:
Revise the draft by checking the content for completeness.
Edit the draft to correct grammar, punctuation, or spelling problems.
Proofread the draft aloud to yourself to catch errors such as missing words or unclear sentences.

15. What you write says A LOT!
What you write and how you write are very important.
Revise, edit, and proofread your writing.
You MUST take the time to revise, edit, and proofread your writing at least three times!