1. Chapter 2: Word Roots and Combining Forms © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

2. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-2 Learning Outcomes Describe how word roots and combining forms are used Recognize roots related to body parts or elements Recognize roots related to sensation or feelings Recognize roots related to factor and quality Recognize roots related to condition or condition-related Recognize roots related to position or location Recognize word roots related to body processes Interpret and use related miscellaneous roots and combining forms McGraw-Hill

3. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-3 Word Roots and Combining Forms Word root = foundation or base for medical terms Basis for what is being related to Constructing words = begin with word root Deconstructing words = begin with word root McGraw-Hill

4. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-4 Pericardiopathy McGraw-Hill

5. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-5 Cardiopathy All medical terms have a word root, which gives the essential meaning to the word. Example: card = heart with combining form cardi(o) = heart suffix - pathy = condition of A condition of the heart McGraw-Hill

6. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-6 Combining Forms A vowel that ties the root with a prefix or suffix Word roots always seen including the combining form, always includes a vowel Vowel “o” used 70% of the time Suffixes that begin with a vowel, use that vowel ( ) are used in this textbook to denote combining form McGraw-Hill

7. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-7 Prefixes/Suffixes Usage Many are used repeatedly to match different word roots to create a different meaning May be used often to mix and match medical terms. McGraw-Hill

8. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-8 Cardiologists/Neurologists Both words have the same suffix but refer to two different kinds of people Cardiologists “one who studies the heart” Neurologists “one who studies nerves” McGraw-Hill

9. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-9 Neuropathy Example #1 Neuro - word root = (nerve) (o) = combining form -pathy = suffix (condition) A nervous condition McGraw-Hill

10. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-10 Encephalitis Example #2 en = prefix (inside) cephal - word root = (e) (i) = combining form -itis = suffix (inflammation) Inflammation inside the head McGraw-Hill

11. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-11 Tonsilectomy Example #3 tonsil - word root = (throat tissue) (e) = combining form -ectomy = suffix (complete removal) Removal of throat tissue McGraw-Hill

12. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-12 Putting It Together Most word roots are Latin or Greek in origin Many terms are already familiar McGraw-Hill

13. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-13 Combining Forms Body Parts or Elements aer(o)air; gas ather(o)plaque; fatty substance (inside of a blood vessel) blast(o)Iimmature cells calc(o), calci(o) calcium chondrio, chondrocartilage, grainy, gritty McGraw-Hill

14. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-14 Combining Forms Body Parts or Elements chyl(o)chyle, a digestive juice chym(o)chyme, semifluid production of chyme in the stomach cyst(o), cystibladder, cyst, cystic duct cyt(o)cell McGraw-Hill

15. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-15 Combining Forms Body Parts or Elements ethm(o)ethmoid bone gluc(o)glucose glyc(o)sugars hydr(o)hydrogen, water ket(o), keton(o)ketone; acetone lip(o)fat McGraw-Hill

16. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-16 Combining Forms Body Parts or Elements nucle(o)nucleus phys(o)air; gas; growing plasma, plasmoformative; plasma salping(o)tube sider(o)iron McGraw-Hill

17. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-17 Combining Forms Body Parts or Elements somat(o)body squam(o)scale; squamous (meaning scaly) syring(o)tube McGraw-Hill

18. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-18 Combining Forms/ Root Words Sensations or Feelings algesi(o), algi(o), alg(o)pain cry(o)cold dips(o)thirst esthesi(o)sensation, perception kin(o), kinemovement McGraw-Hill

19. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-19 Combining Forms/ Root Words Sensations or Feelings kinesi(o), kines(o)motion phon(o)sound; voice; speech phot(o)light son(o)sound therm(o) heat McGraw-Hill

20. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-20 Factor or Quality acanth(o) spiny; thorny andr(o) masculine chlor(o) chlorine, green chrom(o), chromat(o)color crypt(o)hidden; obscure cyan(o)blue McGraw-Hill

21. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-21 Factor or Quality eosin(o) red erythr(o) red, redness granul(o) granular gyn(o), gyne, gynec(o)women home(o), hom(o)same; constant ichthy(o) dry; scaly; fishy McGraw-Hill

22. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-22 Factor or Quality idi(o)distinct; unknown immun(o)safe; immune leuk(o)white macr(o)large; long meg(a), megal(o)large; million melan(o)black; dark micr(o)small; tiny McGraw-Hill

23. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-23 Factor or Quality miosmaller; less morph(o)structure; shape norm(o)normal physi(o)physical; natural pseud(o)false scler(o)hardness; hardening McGraw-Hill

24. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-24 Factor or Quality scoliocrooked; bent spher(o)round; spherical staphyl(o)grapelike clusters sten(o)narrowness strept(o)twisted chains; streptococci terat(o) monster McGraw-Hill

25. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-25 Condition or Condition-related bacill(i)bacilli; bacteria bacteri(o) bacteria carcin(o) cancer kyph(o)humpback onch(o), onc(o) tumor McGraw-Hill

26. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-26 Condition or Condition-related pachythick path(o)disease pyr(o)fever; fire; heat schist(o)split schiz(o)split; division spasm(o) spasm McGraw-Hill

27. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-27 Position or Location anteri(o) front dextr(o)right, toward the right dors(o)back gonioangle later(o)lateral, to one side McGraw-Hill

28. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-28 Position or Location medi(o)middle; medial plane mes(o)middle; median orth(o)straight; normal top(o)place; topical McGraw-Hill

29. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-29 Body Planes McGraw-Hill

30. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-30 Body Processes crin(o)secrete gen(o)producing; being born hypn(o)sleep log(o)speech, words, thought McGraw-Hill

31. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-31 Body Processes narc(o) sleep; numbness phagoeating; devouring; swallowing somn(o), somnisleep spir(o) breath; breathe McGraw-Hill

32. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-32 Miscellaneous Forms actin(o)light amyl(o)starch bar(o)weight; pressure bas(o), basi(o) base bio- life chem(o)chemical McGraw-Hill

33. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-33 Miscellaneous Forms chronotime coni(o)dust cycl(o)circle; cycle; dyna, dynam(o) force; energy echo reflected sound electr(o)electricity McGraw-Hill

34. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-34 Miscellaneous Forms eti(o)cause fibr(o)fiber fluor(o)light; luminous; fluorine fungi fungus galact(o) milk ger(o), geront(o)old age McGraw-Hill

35. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-35 Miscellaneous Forms lact(o), lactimilk lith(o)stone lys(o)dissolution, destruction necr(o)death; dying noct(i)night nyct(o)night McGraw-Hill

36. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-36 Miscellaneous Forms tel(o), tele(o)distant; end; complete ton(o)tension; pressure toxi, toxic(o), tox(o)poison; toxin troph(o)food; nutrition McGraw-Hill

37. © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-37 Chapter Review Describe how word roots and combining forms are used Recognize roots related to body parts or elements Recognize roots related to sensation or feelings Recognize roots related to factor and quality Recognize roots related to condition or condition-related Recognize roots related to position or location Recognize word roots related to body processes Interpret and use related miscellaneous roots and combining forms McGraw-Hill