1. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail1 Airport Revenue (Ch 3) Airport Security (Ch 4) Airport Maintenance (Ch 5) Custom & Immigration Services (Ch 6) Environmental Impacts (Ch 7)

2. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail2 AIRPORT REVENUE

3. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail3 What is Airport Revenue? Airport revenue is income that an airport receives from its business activities. Airport revenues are classified as ‘aeronautical’ and ‘non-aeronautical’. Aeronautical revenue is that derived from aviation activities which is dealing with aircraft operations. Non-aeronautical revenue is generated from non-aircraft related commercial activities in the terminal building.

4. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail4 What is Airport Revenue? 1.Aeronautical Landing fees Passenger fees Aircraft parking fees Aerobridges Hangar Navigation 2. Non-Aeronautical Rental of land & space in terminal buildings (ex: office space,hotels & airline cargo space) Car Parking & Car Rental Concessions (ex: Retail shops & restaurants) Concession is the payment that the owner of commercial activities in the airport have to pay to the airport authority.

5. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail5 Cash flow Once built, an airport must earn sufficient revenue to pay its operating expenses. Operating Expenses are including maintenance charges for airport systems and facilities, power and other utilities, and supplies and administration. Cash flow means that the Airport Operating Revenues will cover all Operating Expenses.

6. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail6Question How are Airport Facilities & Services priced ?

7. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail77 Aeronautical charges Landing charges – based on the aircraft weight or Gross Take- Off Weight (GTOW) Passengers charges – per person, per embarkation different for domestic and international Aircraft parking charges – per hour, wing span x fuselage dimension. Aerobridges – per embarkation or disembarkation. Hangar charges – rental monthly Navigation charges – per mile per aircraft within control zone.

8. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail8 Aeronautical charges

9. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail99 Non-Aeronautical charges Hotel – building rental Offices – to airlines and businesses monthly rental sq ft Rental of check in counters per counter per flight Car parking – per car per hour Bus rental Retail shop outlets rentals monthly based sq feet size of the retail outlet (the biggest non-aeronautical revenue) Collect royalties from retail outlets

10. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail10 Commercial debt (Bond): Tax-free bond issued by a city, county, state, or airport authority to support the expansion and operations of an airport. Federal Funding: Funds come from government sources This funding have been spent to build/improve local airport infrastructure

11. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail11 the taxes/fees on my ticket helps to support airports What portion of?

12. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail12 Ticket Taxes The portion of a ticket that is composed of taxes and fees depends upon the airfare and the passenger's journey distance Normally, airports charge a Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) & Security Charge (SC). PSC is a service charge for using the airport facilities & SC is a service charge for using security facility.

13. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail13 PSC & SC Passengers are required to pay a Passenger Service Charge (PSC) as well as a Security Charge (SC). For Example:

14. Quick Test 1.The airport revenues are derived from ____________ and __________________`. 2.Aeronautical revenues are come from______________ while non-aeronautical revenues come from___________ 3.Aircraft parking are charged per hour and calculated based on aircraft sizes which are _________ X ________. 4.The format to calculate the landing charge of an aircraft is based on the aircraft’s weight or GTOW. GTOW is stand for ____________________________-.

15. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail15 AIRPORT SECURITY

16. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail16 Purpose of Airport Security Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting airports and aircraft from crime.

17. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail17 Who handles security at Airports Police forces hired and dedicated to the airport. For Example, at Malaysia Airport Securities are handled by: Malaysia Airports Berhad Auxiliary Police. They are trained at Malaysia Airport Training Centre (MATC), Penang. Military Forces Private Security Guard

18. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail18 Malaysia Airports Berhad Auxiliary Police

19. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail19 Airport Security Steps Confirming the identity of travelers. Checking a photo ID & transports. Some Airports using Biometrics (finger print/retinal scan) Baggage scanning using X-ray machine Body Screening using Metal Detector Gate Larger X-Ray Scanner for bigger baggage and trained Dogs are used to sniff for bombs.

20. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail20 Baggage Screening Technologies X-Ray technology: “see through” the baggage. Explosive Detection System (EDS): Alarm will be sounded if a weapon or explosive is detected. Explosive Detection System (EDS): http://www.tsa.gov/approach/tech/index.shtm

21. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail21 AIRPORT MAINTENANCE Runway Pavements Concrete pavements Vs Asphalt pavements Three Steps Airport Maintenance Ice & Snow Control

22. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail22 Runway Pavements The surface sections of roads and runways are known as “pavements”. To serve its purpose, a pavement must have adequate load-carrying capability, good ride ability and must allow safe operation of aircraft.

23. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail23 Concrete PavementAsphalt Pavement Concrete surfaces from 23 to 40 cm (9 to 16 inches) thick. Can remain useful for 20 to 40 years. Commonly used at large airports. It is constructed by aligning a series of concrete slabs connected by joins, Asphalt surfaces are from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick. Can remain useful between 15 to 20 years. Commonly used at most smaller airports. Pavements are less expensive to construct.

24. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail24 Airport Maintenance 1.Pavement Maintenance (Seal Coat & Crack Sealing) To prevent further crack. To provide good surface friction. 2.Runway Marking Maintenance To increase safety by providing correct and clearly visible runway marking 3.Runway Turf Maintenance Turf (grass) means unpaved runways, this also area must be safe for aircraft take-off & landing. Turf maintenance including fertilizing, clipping & watering.

25. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail25 Crack Sealing Pavement Repairs

26. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail26 Importance of Snow & Ice Control Plan Ice accumulation are potentially the most damaging weather phenomenon to affect airports. Methods to control ice on the pavement surfaces include the application of chemical solution and snow removal equipment

27. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail27 Why is snow and ice control important? “Snow Plan” = snow and ice control and removal operations. Snow & Ice control plan at an airport important because To avoid accidents. To avoid flight delays. To enable the aircraft can brake in any emergency case.

28. Quick Test 1.Basically, the three steps of airport security are: 1 st _______, 2 nd ______________, and 3 rd _______________. 2.One of the latest technology for baggage screening is known as EDS. EDS is stand for __________________. 3.Airport security normally handled by the police force hired by the airport authority. For Malaysia, the security at airport handle by_____________________________ 4.Pavement is surface section on the runway. Two common pavement used at the airport runway are __________ and _______________.

29. Quick Test 1.The advantages of concrete pavements compared to asphalt pavements are________________ & _______________. 2.Three steps of airport maintenance are _______________, _________________, & ______________. 3.Two methods of pavement maintenance are ___________ & ______________________. 4.The ice & snow controls are important in order to __________________________________-.

30. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail30 CUSTOM & IMMIGRATION SERVICES

31. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail31 Customs & Immigration Customs responsible for : Controlling the flow of goods including animals, personal effects and hazardous items in and out of a country. Collecting and safeguarding customs duties. Immigration responsible for: Monitor persons who leave or enter the country, Checking for appropriate documentation, Apprehending people wanted by international arrest warrants, Block the entry of others deemed dangerous to the country.

32. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail32 Tourist Refund Scheme One part of the new tax system. For any purchases of thing bought from Australian Retailers, the tourists may be entitled to a refund of: Goods & Service Tax (GST) Wine Equalization Tax (WET) But to claim a refund they must: Spend A$300 or more in the one store and get a single tax invoice Buy goods no more than 30 days before departure

33. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail33 U.S Customs Service’s Responsibility The proper assessment and collection of customs duties, excise taxes, fees, penalties for imported items; The prohibition of narcotics and illegal drugs; The processing of people, carriers, cargo, and mail into and out of the country; The administration of certain navigation laws;

34. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail34 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AIRPORT OPERATIONS

35. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail35 Environmental Impact of Airports 1.Noise Pollution 2.Water Pollution 3.Air Pollution

36. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail36 Noise Pollution Simply, noise is defined as unwanted sound. Noise issues at airport become critical because of the growing amount of air traffic & the increasing number of airliners and corporate jets. How to Control ?? The solution are: Noise Mitigation Limit on hours of airport operation, restrictions on the use of certain runways. Improve the aircraft design- quieter aircraft technology)

37. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail37 Noise Mitigation Definition Mitigation – Measures to address the potential hazard or to reduce the severity. (Mitigate – To make milder, less severe or less harsh)

38. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail38 Mitigation Airport noise mitigation is an effort to reduce the aircraft noise impact on the community. How?? By installing the sound-proofing materials at nearby homes, schools, and hospitals and build “Airport buffers zones ”. Challenges: limited funds.

39. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail39 Water Pollution Water pollution, particularly from 1.De-icing and Anti-icing De-icing is the process of removing frozen snow or ice from a surface (ex: aircraft & runway). Anti-icing is the process of preventing the formation of snow or ice on a surface. De-icing fluids used on aircraft are toxic to aquatic life. When the de-icer is sprayed on aircraft, some of it falls onto the ground, where it mix with melting ice and snow (much of the fish and insects disappeared). 2.Fuel Storage Oil spills can lead to environmental damage

40. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail40 De-icing and Anti-icing

41. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail41 SPCC plan SPCC: Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Purpose: 1.To prevent oil spills, such as procedures to inspect tanks and associated piping for leaks. 2.Control measures installed to prevent a spill from reaching navigable waters 3.Countermeasures to contain, clean up, and mitigate the effects of an oil spill that reaches navigable waters.

42. Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail42 Solution There is scope to reduce the environmental impacts of aviation using technological means: Aircraft engines can be made quieter through improvement of aircraft design. The emissions of air pollutants can be reduced by improving the efficiency of engines. The environmental impacts of airport operations can be lessened through careful engineering and mitigation (e.g. recycling wastes, ensuring energy efficiency in buildings and locating infrastructure away from sensitive habitats).

43. Quick Test 1.Custom services is dealing with____________________ while Immigration services is dealing with____________. 2.The Australian Federal Government had introduced one type of new tax system. The name of the system is T_____ R_______ S__________. 3.Two taxes that Australian tourist can refund are GST and WET. GST is stand for ____________ & WET is stand for________________________.

44. Quick Test Three common environmental issues at airport are ____________, ______________,______________. Noise mitigation is one of the effort to reduce the noise pollution in airport. Two methods used are _______________ & _______________. Water pollution at airport are normally caused by de- icing/anti-icing & refueling activities at airside. To overcome fuel storage problem SPCC had been introduced. SPCC is stand for ____________________________ The function of SPCC is to_______________________ Oct, 12 2009Zuliana Ismail44