1. How a DBQ is graded: 7 points A.Thesis and Argument Development (Total of 2 points) 1 point Presents a thesis that makes a historically defensible claim and responds to all parts of the question. 1 Point Develops and supports a cohesive argument that recognizes and accounts for historical complexity by explicitly illustrating relationships among historical evidence such as contradiction, corroboration, and/or qualification.

2. Suggestions for Thesis: When writing a thesis… 1.include all parts of the question (prompt). This means that your thesis may be 2 sentences. 2. state an argument you plan to support. Beginning with the Pilgrims, all colonists throughout the 3 regions, sought to establish some form of representative government. Although this desire may not have united the colonists to break away from Great Britain, it was a driving force in the movement for independence in the late 18 th century.

3. B. Document Analysis (Total of 2 points) 1 point Utilizes the content of at least 6 of the documents to support the stated thesis or a relevant argument. 1 point Explains the significance of the author’s point of view, author’s purpose, historical context, and/or audience for at least 4 documents.

4. C. Using Evidence Beyond the Documents (2 Points) Contextualization: 1 point Requires using knowledge not found in the documents to situate the argument within broader historical events, developments, or processes immediately relevant to the question. The contextualization point is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference, but instead requires an explanation, typically consisting of multiple sentences or a full paragraph. Evidence Beyond the Documents: 1 point Provides an example or additional piece of specific evidence beyond those found in the documents to support or qualify the argument. Scoring Notes: This example must be different from the evidence used to earn other points on this rubric. This point is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference. Responses need to reference an additional piece of specific evidence and explain how that evidence supports or qualifies the argument.

5. D. Synthesis: 1 point Extends the argument by explaining the connection between the argument and ONE of the following: a)A development in a different historical period, situation, era or geographical area. b)A course theme and/or approach to history that is not the focus of the essay (such as political, economic, social, cultural, or intellectual history). Scoring Note: The synthesis point requires an explanation of the connections to different historical period, situation, era, or geographical area, and is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference.

6. To summarize… 1.Thesis 2.AnalysisState the importance of the document: how it connects to the prompt & your 3.Contextualization thesis and add additional information. author’s point of view, purpose, historical context or audience 4.Synthesis – make a connection to another period in history, another topic or situation WHAT ARE YOUR QUESTIONS?

7. Today’s EQ: How did the French & Indian War affect the Native American population and the relations between Great Britain and its colonies?

8. Unit 3 Vocabulary 1.French &Indian War, 2.Seven Year’s War 3.Peace of Paris 1763 4.salutary neglect 5.Pontiac’s Rebellion 6.Proclamation of 1763

9. The French & Indian War – 1754-1763 CAUSES OF THE WAR: * Both countries were fighting for control over the entire West, including the Mississippi Valley (Ohio River Valley)

10. The French Empire French areas of colonization: the St. Lawrence River Valley, Quebec, the Great Lakes, Louisiana This is where the F&I War was fought.

11. The French & Indians fought against the British Redcoats & the colonists The French and Indian allies won many early battles. Spain was also allied with the French.

12. The French & Indian War – 1754-1763 Great Britain & France were old rivals. While this war was fought in America, it was also being fought in Europe (known as the Seven Years War) The French had forts in the Ohio River Valley and a lucrative trade with the Native Americans. These forts prevented the 13 British colonies from expanding westward. George Washington was sent by Virginia’s Governor Dinwiddie to tell the French to vacate the forts, sparking a war between France & England. At first the war went badly for the British. Recognizing the need for coordinating colonial defense, the British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in a congress at Albany, NY in 1754. Delegates from 7 colonies adopted a plan – the Albany Plan of Union developed by Benjamin Franklin that provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the various colonies for their common defense. Each colony was just too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan so it never took effect. The Albany congress was significant, however, because it set a precedent for later more revolutionary congress in the 1770s (1 st & 2 nd Continental Congresses)

13. The war continued The British won the war under the leadership of William Pitt whose strategy was to conquer Canada (under the control of the French). Under General James Wolfe, the British captured Quebec leading to a peace treaty – the Peace of Paris or Treaty of Paris, 1763.

14. Victory at Quebec gave the British control; was the turning point of the conflict -Treaty of Paris, 1763 or the Peace of Paris -France lost all lands in America; Great Britain gained Canada and all the land up to the Mississippi River including Spanish Florida. (France ceded to Spain the Louisiana Territory since they had to give up Florida.

15. Immediate Effects of the War Britain’s victory established them as the dominant naval power in the world. The war changed how the British and the colonists viewed each other. British view: a low opinion of the colonial military abilities; saw them as poorly trained, disorderly rabble. Upset that some of the colonies had refused to contribute either troops or money to the war effort and were convinced that the colonists were unable and unwilling to defend the new frontiers gained from the war, thus requiring the British Redcoats to stay and patrol the area. Colonial view: were proud of how they fought in the war; developed confidence that they could provide for their own defense; were not impressed with British troops or their leadership, whose methods of warfare seemed badly suited to the densely wooded terrain of eastern America.

16. More Effects: A change in British colonial policies. Previously, Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and had exercised little direct control over the colonies; had even allowed its Navigation laws to go unenforced – a policy known as salutary neglect. With an expanded empire, Britain now felt the need to maintain a large British military force to guard its American frontiers, a cost the colonists were expected to pay for.

17. Problems after the War The colonists began settling on the land west of the Mississippi River which led to the Indians in the Ohio Valley revolting & attacking colonial settlements on the western frontier. Native Americans upset by the British refusal to offer gifts and continue trading like the French had done. (PONTIAC’S REBELLION) -conflicts were becoming costly for Britain so they issued the…...Proclamation of 1763 which stated that colonists could not cross the Appalachian Mtns – colonists saw this as a violation of their rights; would be a cause of the Revolutionary War! -Colonists ignored the law and continued to provoke Indians

18. Tensions build between Britain & the 13 colonies after the war. Why? British heavily in debt b/c of war; Britain begin taxing the colonies As long as the colonies made a profit for Great Britain, GB left them alone. (salutary neglect) The F&I War ended salutary neglect due to the debt from the war because now GB needed to collect taxes for revenue. - - -standing British Army in the colonies when the colonists no longer needed their protection (an expense to the colonists)

19. Exit Ticket GIST: 20 word sentence responding to today’s EQ How did the French & Indian War affect the Native American population and the relations between Great Britain and its colonies?

20. EQ: Why did the colonists rebel against Great Britain?

21. Today’s Vocabulary 8.Sugar Act 9.Stamp Act 10.Quartering Act 11.Declaratory Act 12.Townshend Acts 13.the Gaspee Incident 14.Coercive/Intolerable Acts 15.Quebec Act

22. Changes in British imperial policies… for revenue not protection. King George III – monarch of GB Lord George Grenville – chancellor of the exchequer (treasury) and prime minister whose job was to raise money to pay off the debt incurred from the F&I War HOW? 1. Sugar Act also called the Revenue Act; purpose was to raise money for the Crown; was supposed to discourage smuggling & other activities that prevented the Navigation Acts from being profitable protests began against taxation without representation James Otis, attorney known for saying "Taxation without representation is tyranny." 2.Quartering Act – required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies; a right we are protected from in the 3 rd Amendment 3. Stamp Act - – the only British tax to affect all 13 colonies -placed a direct tax on the colonists (collected from those who used the goods) -required a stamp on all legal documents, newspapers, license, and playing cards -affected many colonists rich and poor

23. Protesting the Stamp Act Representatives from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765 to form the STAMP ACT CONGRESS – resolving that only their own elected representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes Patrick Henry (VA) “taxation without representation” Formation of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, a secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating tax agents. They sometimes “tarred and feathered” revenue officials (tax collectors) and destroyed revenue stamps. Boycotts against British goods was the most effective form of protest which led to Parliament repealing the Stamp Act!

24. Trying to save face… Since GB repealed the Stamp Act, they issued the Declaratory Act that asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” (Just a reminder to the colonists of who the boss was!)

25. More taxes… The Townshend Acts/Duties Taxes on colonial imports (indirect taxes paid by merchants, not direct taxes on consumer goods) of tea, glass, paint, & paper – items the colonies bought from GB The revenue from these taxes was used to pay the Crown officials in the colonies. Prior to this act, the salaries of the royal governors were paid by the colonial legislatures/assemblies which gave the colonies control over them. Also included writs of assistance – search warrants with no restrictions were issued; later influenced the 4 th Amendment Colonial Reaction: In his Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania, John Dickinson (PA) agreed that Parliament could regulate commerce but not without the consent of the colonists; that the principle of no taxation without representative was an essential principle of English law. The Massachusetts Circular Letter (James Otis & Samuel Adams) urging the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal these Acts. GB responded by increasing the number of Redcoats in Boston. Colonists again boycotted & smuggled goods. Act was repealed except for the Tea Tax (was cheaper for the colonists to buy than to buy tea from the Dutch) which the colonists boycotted.

26. More conflict… Boston Massacre Committees of Correspondence were formed to inform the colonists about suspicious or potentially threating British activities. The Gaspee – a British customs ship that had caught a number of smugglers. The vessel went aground off the shore of RI. A group disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore & then set fire to the ship. Boston Tea Party: mixed feelings among the colonists. Some justified it as a defense of liberty while others though the destruction of private property was far too radical. Coercive Acts – passed to punish Boston for the “tea party.” Called “Intolerable” by the colonists because it closed the port of Boston (hurt their trade), allowed any British official accused of a crime to be tried in England instead of the colonies, and expanded the Quartering Act to include all 13 colonies! Quebec Act – established Catholicism in Quebec and all of Canada and extended its boundary to the Ohio River. Colonists viewed this act as a direct attack because it took away land, took away representative government, and Protestant Americans resented the recognition given to Catholicism.

27. Individual Activity Create a chart comparing the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts, the Tea Act, and the Coercive Acts, emphasizing British goals and colonial reactions.

28. Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution There was a long tradition of loyalty to the king and Great Britain. As the differences between the colonists and Britain grew, many Americans tried to justify this changing relationship. The Enlightenment, particularly the writings of John Locke, had a profound influence on the colonies.

29. Enlightenment Ideas Review: Many Enlightenment thinkers were Deists, who believed that God had established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal. They believed in rationalism and trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society, and emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity. Their political philosophy, derived from Locke and Rousseau, had a profound influence.

30. John Locke: known for natural rights—life, liberty, & property— that no government can take away Also advocated the social contract theory—that there is an implied contract between government & citizens. People agree to give up certain freedoms and empower government to maintain order, meaning citizens submit themselves to laws & governments in order to serve the common good and cultivate civic virtue (behavior geared towards the betterment of society rather than simply one’s own interests). Locke believed that if a government failed to fulfill its role, then the government should be replaced. Argued that government exists only by the “consent of the governed” stated in the Declaration of Independence and in the Preamble to the US Constitution His views were used by many to justify the American Revolution.

31. ROUSSEAU promoted equality, a principle on which the Declaration of Independence is based

32. 1 st Continental Congress Met in response to the Intolerable Acts All colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia, 1774, except Georgia Purpose: to respond to what the delegates viewed as Britain’s alarming threats to their liberties Were not seeking independence Simply wanted to protest parliamentary infringements of their rights and restore the relationship with the crown that had existed before the French & Indian War

33. Delegates at the 1 st CC Patrick Henry Samuel Adams John Adams George Washington John Dickinson John Jay

34. Actions of the 1 st CC 1.Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves that called for the immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts and for colonies to resist them by making military preparations and boycotting British goods. 2.Passed the Declaration of Rights and Grievances that urged the king to redress (make right) colonial grievances and restore colonial rights; also recognized Parliament’s authority to regulate commerce. 3.Created the Continental Association (or just Association), a network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Revolves. 4.Declared that if colonial rights were not recognized, delegates would meet again in May 1775.

35. Fighting Begins First Battles of the Revolutionary War: Lexington and Concord -British troops were sent to seize colonial military supplies in Concord. -Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the colonists of the British march. -The militia or minutemen of Lexington assembled on the village green to face the British but were forced to retreat; 8 were killed. -The British entered Concord and destroyed some military supplies. As the British left Concord they were attacked by hundreds of militiamen; 250 British casualties Bunker Hill (or Breed’s Hill) -First major battle -Took the British 3 attempts before they took the hill -Showed the war would not be short; boosted the morale of the Americans

36. 2 nd Continental Congress The congress was divided between New Englanders who thought the colonists should declare their independence and the middle colonies who wanted to negotiate a new relationship with Britain.  Military actions: -Adopted a Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms -Called on the colonies to provide troops -Appointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the new Continental Army -Authorized a force under Benedict Arnold to raid Quebec to draw Canada away from the British empire -An American navy and marine corps was organized in 1775 for the purpose of attacking British shipping

37.  Peace Efforts Sent an “Olive Branch Petition” to King George III in which they pledged their loyalty and asked the king to intercede with Parliament to secure peace and the protection of their colonial rights. King George dismissed this plea and agreed to Parliament’s Prohibitory Act which declared the colonies in rebellion and forbade all trade and shipping between Britain and the colonies.  Thomas Paine Published a pamphlet, Common Sense, urging independence from Britain; argued that it was contrary to common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and for the colonists to pledge allegiance to a king whose government was corrupt and whose laws were unreasonable.

38.  The Declaration of Independence Richard Henry Lee of VA introduced a resolution declaring independence. 5 delegates including Thomas Jefferson formed a committee to write a statement supporting Lee’s resolution. Drafted by Jefferson, it listed grievances against George III’s government and expressed the basic principles that justified revolution: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights: that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776.

39. The Revolutionary War As Americans fought they also forged a new national identity, as the former colonies became the United States of America. 40% of the population actively participated in the fight for independence – “Patriots” 20-30% sided with Britain – “Loyalists” Everyone else tried to remain neutral and uninvolved.

40. Patriots Mainly from New England & Virginia Washington’s Army: no more than 20,000 regular troops at any one time; short of supplies, poorly equipped, rarely paid Washington initially rejected allowing African Americans to serve in the Patriot army but when the British promised freedom to enslaved people who joined their side, Washington and congress made the same offer. 5000 African Americans fought as Patriots. Most were free citizens from the North who fought in mixed racial forces although there were some all-African American units

41. Loyalists Tories – those colonists who maintained their allegiance to the king; refers to the majority party in Parliament About 60,000 fought but about 520,000-780,000 called themselves Loyalists Benjamin Franklin was a Patriot but his son, William, joined the Tories and served as the last royal governor of NJ. Most lived in NY, NJ, SC, GA About 80,000 left the US to live in Canada or Britain before the war ended rather than face persecution from the Patriots Were wealthy conservatives; included government officials and Anglican clergy American Indians – tried to stay out of the war but attacks by colonists prompted many to support the British who promised to limit colonial settlements in the West.

42. Alliance with France TURNING POINT – Battle of Saratoga – Colonists defeated the British. The French allied itself with the Patriots. A year later Spain and Holland also entered the war on the side of the Patriots. The French alliance provide a decisive factor in the American struggle for independence because it widened the war and forced the British to divert military resources away from America.

43. Victory Yorktown: the last major battle (VA) – Washington’s army forced the surrender of a large British army under General Charles Cornwallis Treaty of Paris 1783: 1.Britain would recognize the existence of the US as an independent nation. 2.The Mississippi River would be the western boundary of the US. 3.Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4.Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war.

44. The new government of the United States The Articles of Confederation – formed while the war was being fought – the first written constitution of the US. Details of this government: Colonies became “states” and each wrote its own constitution that included a list of rights, separation of powers (for most states), voting rights to all white males who owned property (land or money) and office-holding (usually a higher property qualification than the voters).

45. The Articles of Confederation (AOC) John Dickinson drafted the first constitution for the US. Congress modified his plan to protect the powers of the individual states. Adopted in 1777 Structure of the new government: A central government that consisted of one branch (unicameral legislature) – Congress. Each state had one vote regardless of its size. 9/13 votes required to pass laws. Unanimous consent to amend (change) the AOC. The central government could wage war, make treaties, send diplomats to other countries, and borrow money. It COULD NOT regulate commerce or TAX! To pay for anything, this congress had to rely upon taxes voted by each state.

46. AOC Accomplishments: 1.Won the war 2.Negotiated the Treaty of Paris 1783 3.Land Ordinance of 1785 – established a policy for surveying and selling the western lands which provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education. 4.Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – set the rules for creating new states in the NW Territory; granted limited self-government to the territory and prohibited slavery in the region.

47. Problems with the Articles 1.Create a weak central government and strong state governments. 2.Financial: Most war debts went unpaid. States and the congress issued worthless paper money. Congress had no taxing power and could only request that the states donate money for national needs. (requisition) 3.Foreign: European nations had little respect for a new nation that could neither pay its debts nor take effective and united action in a crisis. Britain and Spain threatened to take advantage of the weak US by expanding their interests in the western lands soon after the war ended. 4.Domestic: In the summer of 1786, Captain Daniel Shays, a Massachusetts farmer, led other farmers in a rebellion against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. The rebel farmers stopped the collection of taxes and forced the closing of debtors’ courts. Attempted to seize weapons from the Springfield armory and the state militia of Massachusetts had to stop the rebellion.

48. Problems with the Articles 4.Domestic: In the summer of 1786, Captain Daniel Shays, a Massachusetts farmer, led other farmers in a rebellion against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. The rebel farmers stopped the collection of taxes and forced the closing of debtors’ courts. Attempted to seize weapons from the Springfield armory and the state militia of Massachusetts had to stop the rebellion. Shay’s Rebellion proved the AOC was too weak and a new plan of government needed to be written.

49. Social Change 1.Abolition of Aristocratic Titles: Congress cannot grant titles of nobility (US Constitution); the end of primogeniture (the first born son’s right to inherit his family’s property). 2.Separation of Church and State: The Anglican Church, which formerly had been closely tied to the king’s government, was disestablished (lost state support) in the South. Only in NH, CT, and MA did the Congregational Church continue to receive state support in the form of a religious tax which was discontinued in the early 1830s. 3.Women: served as nurses, cooks, and in a few instances, fought in battle (Mary McCauley, Molly Pitcher) or as a soldier (Deborah Sampson). Their most important contribution during the war was in maintaining the colonial economy – ran the family farms and businesses. Remained second-class citizens after the war.

50. Social Change 3.Women: served as nurses, cooks, and in a few instances, fought in battle (Mary McCauley, Molly Pitcher) or as a soldier (Deborah Sampson). Their most important contribution during the war was in maintaining the colonial economy – ran the family farms and businesses. Remained second-class citizens after the war. Abigail Adams pleaded with her husband, John Adams, “I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors.” 4.Slavery: contradicted the spirit of the Revolution and the idea that “all men are created equal.” The importation of slaves was abolished (by 1808). Most northern states ended slavery, some southern plantation owners freed their slaves. However, in the decades that followed the war, more slaveowners came to believe that slaves were essential to their economy and developed a rationale for slavery that found religious and political justifications.

51. The Constitution and the New Republic: 1787-1800 THE US UNDER THE ARTICLES, 1781-1787 1-house congress, no separate executive, no separate judiciary (court system). Foreign Problems: States failed to adhere to the Treaty of Paris which required them to restore property to Loyalists and repay debts to foreigners. US government under the AOC was too weak to stop Britain from maintaining military outposts on the western frontier (“Old” NW) and restricting trade.

52. Economic Weakness & Interstate Quarrels Reduced foreign trade and limited credit because states had not fully repaid war debts contributed to widespread economic depression. The inability to levy (collect) taxes and the printing of worthless money by many states added to the problems. States placed tariffs (taxes) and other restrictions on the movement of goods across state lines. Boundary disputes between states also was a problem.

53. The Annapolis Convention Only 5 states sent delegates to Maryland. Decision made to hold another convention in Philadelphia for the purpose of revising the AOC.

54. Drafting the Constitution at Philadelphia 55 delegates from all states attended except RI who did not trust the other states. All delegates were white, male, most were college-educated, young, wealthy (with a few exceptions) Elected a presiding officer – George Washington (unanimously chosen) Decided that what was decided during the convention would be kept secret from the public. James Madison, who became known as the Father of the Constitution, helped to put the ideas from the delegates into words.

55. Key Issues: Decision made not to revise the AOC, but to write a new plan – the US Constitution. 1.Create a strong national government based on checks and balances. 2.Representation: combined the idea of representation based on population from the “Virginia/Madison Plan” (favored large states) and equal representation from “the New Jersey/Patterson Plan” (favored small states) into the “Great Compromise” (Connecticut Plan) – a two-house legislature (bicameral) with representation in the House of Representatives based on population and equal representation in the Senate (2 per state).

56. 3.Slavery: Three-fifths Compromise – which counted each slave as 3/5 th of a person for the purposes of determining a state’s level of taxation and representation. This would maintain equal power in Congress between the North and the South. Also decided to guarantee the importation of slavery for 20 more years, until 1808. 4.Trade: The “Commercial Compromise” allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs (taxes) on foreign imports, but prohibited placing taxes on exports. 5.The Presidency: limited the president’s term to 4 years with no limit on the number of terms; decided a president would be elected through an Electoral College (voters vote indirectly for the president). 6.Ratification: Approval of the US Constitution only required 9 of the 13 states but in time, all 13 voted for it.

57. Federalists and Antifederalists Federalists: Supported a strong central (national, federal) government New Englanders, people who lived in large cities, educated, wealthy Wrote the Federalist Papers (85 essays) to gain support (ratification) for the US Constitution, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay Promised to add a Bill of Rights (required for the anti-federalists to ratify the Constitution) Antifederalists: Feared a strong central government Supported states’ rights Southerners and westerners, farmers

58. Adding the Bill of Rights Arguments for: Needed in order to protect the rights of the people from their government Needed in order to ratify the Constitution Consists of the first 10 amendments originally to protect the people against abuses of power by the federal government; later amendments would be added to protect the people against abuses of power by state governments

59. Arguments against: Federalists argued that since members of Congress would be elected by the people, they did not need to be protected against themselves. People should assume that all rights were protected rather than create a limited list of rights that might be taken to mean that unlisted rights could be violated.

60. Amendments as they relate to colonial experiences 1 st Amendment – freedom of speech and of the press – Zenger Trial 3 rd Amendment – a result of the Quartering Act 4 th Amendment – a result of the writs of assistance 9 th Amendment – We the people have more rights than just those listed in Amendments 1-8. 10 th Amendment – powers of the States

61. Washington’s Presidency George Washington was unanimously elected by the electoral college. Washington established a Cabinet, a precedent all future presidents would follow, to help him govern the nation. 4 departments were created: 1.State Department with Thomas Jefferson as the Secretary of State 2.Department of the Treasury with Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury 3.War Department with Henry Knox as Secretary of War 4.Edmund Randolph as attorney general (later the Department of Justice)

62. Federal Court System The only federal court mentioned in the Constitution is the Supreme Court. One of Congress’ first laws was the Judiciary Act of 1789 which established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and 5 associate justices.

63. Hamilton’s Financial Program As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton had the task of paying off the debt from the Revolutionary War. His economic plans included: 1.Pay off the national debt at face value and have the federal government assume the war debts of the states. 2.Protect the nation’s “infant” (new and developing) industries and collect revenues at the same time by imposing protective tariffs (taxes on imported goods). 3.Create a national bank for depositing government funds and printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable US currency. Supporters: northern merchants Opponents: Anti-Federalists, Thomas Jefferson, farmers

64. Debt To gain support for paying off the national debt and assuming states’ debts, Hamilton agreed to Jefferson’s idea to establish the nation’s capital in the South along the Potomac River – Washington, DC.

65. National Bank Jefferson was against the bank because he said it was unconstitutional (not mentioned in the Constitution). Jefferson took a strict (literal) interpretation of the Constitution. Hamilton took a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution, using the “necessary and proper” clause in the Constitution that authorized Congress to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers. Washington supported Hamilton and the First Bank of the US was established.

66. Foreign Affairs 1.The French Revolution Jefferson was pro-French and believed the US should support France but when the French beheaded their king, Americans turned against the French. When war broke out between France and Britain in 1793, Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality which caused Jefferson to resign from the Cabinet. 2 “Citizen” Genet – French minister to the US ignored the Proclamation and appealed directly to the American people to support the French. Washington requested the French government to remove Genet as a diplomat. Because he would have been killed if he returned to France, Genet was allowed to remain in the US where he married and became a US citizen.

67. 3.Jay’s Treaty, 1794 Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay to talk Britain out of its offensive practice of searching and seizing American ships and impressing sailors into the British navy. Jay was able to get the British to agree to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (NW) but no agreement was made on seizures of American merchant ships. The point of the treaty was to avoid going to war against Britain. Angered American supporters of France but maintained Washington’s policy of neutrality. 4.Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795 * Spain agreed to allow Americans the right of deposit at the Port of New Orleans which would give them control of the Mississippi River without having to pay duties to the Spanish government. Spain also agreed to accept the US claim that Florida’s northern boundary should be at the 31 st parallel.

68. Domestic Concerns 1.Native Americans (Northwest Confederacy) Resisted westward expansion Were being supplied guns by the British 1794, the US Army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated the Confederacy tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, OH. Result: Treaty of Greenville 1795 which gave the US present-day Ohio 2.Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Hamilton persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes – on whiskey Farmers in PA rebelled and attacked revenue collectors Washington responded by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen. This show of force caused the Whiskey Rebellion to collapse, proving that creating a strong central government under the Constitution was justified.

69. 3.Western Lands * Public Land Act, 1796 – passed in response to the land gained in the Jay Treaty and the victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This act established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices. Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee became states.

70. Political Parties Political Parties are not mentioned in the Constitution. The Framers of the Constitution assumed no political parties would form. Origins of Political Parties The rise of factions – groups with opposing political views. Ex: Federalists, Antifederalists Political Parties began to form around the political beliefs of Hamilton and Jefferson. The Federalists supported Hamilton & his financial program. Those who opposed Hamilton’s financial plan became known as the Democratic-Republican party. The French Revolution further solidified the formation of national political parties. Americans were sharply divided over whether to support France. A large number of them followed Jefferson’s lead in openly challenging President Washington’s neutrality policy.

71. Differences Between the Parties Federalists: Strongest in the northeastern states Advocated the growth of federal power Democratic-Republicans: Strongest in the southern states and on the western frontier Argued for states’ rights

72. Washington’s Farewell Address He warned Americans: 1.Not to get involved in European affairs 2.Not to make “permanent alliances” in foreign matters 3.Not to form political parties 4.Not to fall into sectionalism

73. John Adams Election of 1796 Adams (Federalist) v. Jefferson (D-R) Results: Adams voted in as President Jefferson voted in as VP Two different political parties in office!

74. The XYZ Affair US merchant ships were being sized by French warships & privateers. Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate with the French government. Certain French ministers, known only as X, Y, and Z because their names were never revealed, requested bribes as the basis for entering into negotiations. The American delegates refused. Newspaper reports of the demands made by X, Y, and Z angered many Americans who called for war against France. “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” became the federalist slogan One faction of the Federalist party, led by Alexander Hamilton, hoped to go to war to gain French and Spanish lands in North America. Adams resisted the popular sentiment for war, recognizing the US Army and Navy were not yet strong enough to fight a major power.

75. Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists passed these acts to restrict their political opponents, the Democratic-Republicans. Ex: Most immigrants voted D-R so the Federalists passed the Naturalization Act which increased from 5 to 14 years required for immigrants to qualify for US citizenship. They also passed the Alien Acts which authorized the president to deport aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy aliens in time of war. Most seriously, they passed the Sedition Act, which made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress and imposed fines or imprisonment for editors who violated the law.

76. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Democratic-Republicans argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated rights guaranteed by the 1 st Amendment. D-R responded with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (written by Jefferson & Madison) that stated that the states had entered into a “compact” in forming the national government, and therefore, if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify the federal law. Introduced the doctrine of nullification which would be used in the Nullification Crisis in the 1830s

77. Election of 1800 Adams v. Jefferson Outcome: a tie between Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr. Election decided by the House of Representatives Jefferson became president and Burr became VP The Federalists lost power; not only was the President a D-R, but Congress was also dominated by D-R.

78. A peaceful Revolution The Election of 1800 is also referred to as the “Revolution of 1800.” Political power was passed from the Federalists to the D-R peacefully.