1.  System of government King or Queen has complete control over government & its people  Autocracy  Centralized Government  Nation states

2. Monarchs based their claim on Divine Right  Authority comes from God  Similar to “Mandate of Heaven” Monarchs are “Above the Law” Common features- Strong armies,limited representative bodies, high taxes

3.  Breakdown of Feudalism/ Rise of Nation states  Continuous Warfare  Need for money  Exploration  Declining influence of the church

4.  Regulation of Religion & society  Loss of power by nobility & legislatures  New government Bureaucracies  Huge building projects

5.  The Hapsburg Monarchy  1556 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V divides empire  Son Phillip II rules Spain, Netherlands & Italy

7.  Promoted “Golden age of Spain” Wealth from colonies helped buildup military Defender of Catholicism  1588-Spanish Armada defeated by England (Elizabeth I)  1600’s Spain power declines  Financial problems

9.  The Bourbon Monarchy Henry IV increases power of Govt. & decreases power of nobility Louis the XIII strengthens & builds up military  Cardinal Richelieu subdues nobles & Huguenots

10.  Known as “The Sun King”  Ruled for 72 years Mercantilist policies Built the strongest army in Europe Expanded bureaucracy Never called the Estates General Persecuted the Huguenots  French Protestants

12. Built Lavish palace @ Versailles  “Gilded Cage” for nobility  His successors inherited enormous debts (costly Wars & extravagance)

17. Peter the Great Grand Embassy tour Westernization Modernization Russian Orthodox Church St. Petersburg

18.  Centralized royal power & decreased the power of the nobility Russian Orthodox Church  Created largest European Army  Gained access to the Baltic Sea  Failed to gain warm water port (Black Sea)

22.  Parliament successfully blocked attempted shifts to absolute rule  The Tudor Monarchs(1485-1603) generally worked well w/ Parliament  Ex. Henry VIII & Elizabeth I Henry VII1485-1509Henry VII1485-1509 Henry VIII1509-1547Henry VIII1509-1547 Edward VI1547-1553Edward VI1547-1553

24.  1215 King John forced to sign Magna Carta  Limited King’s powers  1295 Edward I establishes Model Parliament  Lawmaking body  House of Lords & House of Commons

26.  Had absolutist tendencies (Strong belief in Divine Right)  James I & son Charles I Consistently clashed with Parliament over finance & foreign policy  Angered Puritans Mary I1553-1558Mary I1553-1558 Elizabeth I1558-1603Elizabeth I1558-1603 James IJames I

27.  Known as the Puritan Revolution (1643)  Charles’s Cavaliers vs. Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell  Charles I is overthrown by forces loyal to Parliament  beheaded in 1649

28.  England became a Republic called the Commonwealth  At first Cromwell & Parliament share power 1653 Cromwell assumes Title of Lord Protector & rules as a dictator  Cromwell brutally put down revolts in Ireland & Scotland (Genocide)

31. Upon Cromwell’s death, Parliament restores Stuart Monarchy to throne Charles II & James II became unpopular due to absolutist policies Parliament fears return of Catholicism(James II) Parliament overthrows James II & asks William & Mary to assume throne (Glorious Revolution )

32.  1688-William & Mary forced to sign English Bill of Rights  Guarantees Parliament’s superiority over the Monarchy  England becomes a Limited Monarchy (Remains today)