1. SkyServer: Public Access to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Alex Szalay, Jim Gray, Ani Thakar, Peter Kunszt, Tanu Malik, Tamas Budavari, Jordan Raddick, Chris Stoughton, Jan vandenBerg Sigmod 2002, Madison

2. Outline The Sloan Digital Sky Survey The SDSS database design –HTM – spatial queries –20 queries Demo of the SkyServer The next steps The World-Wide Telescope Web Services –Sky Query/Image Cutout

3. Goal Create the most detailed map of the Northern sky in 5 years 2.5m telescope, Apache Point, NM 3 degree field of view ¼ of the whole sky Two surveys in one Photometric survey in 5 bands Spectroscopic redshift survey Automated data reduction 150 man-years of development Very high data volume 40 TB of raw data 5 TB processed catalogs Data is public Features of the SDSS The University of Chicago Princeton University The Johns Hopkins University The University of Washington New Mexico State University Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory US Naval Observatory The Japanese Participation Group The Institute for Advanced Study Max Planck Inst, Heidelberg Sloan Foundation, NSF, DOE, NASA The University of Chicago Princeton University The Johns Hopkins University The University of Washington New Mexico State University Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory US Naval Observatory The Japanese Participation Group The Institute for Advanced Study Max Planck Inst, Heidelberg Sloan Foundation, NSF, DOE, NASA

4. Continuous data rate of 8 Mbytes/sec Northern Galactic Cap drift scan of 10,000 square degrees 24k x 1M pixel “panoramic” images in 5 colors – broad-band filters (u,g,r,i,z) exposure time: 55 sec pixel size: 0.4 arcsec astrometry: 60 mas calibration: 2% done only in best seeing (20 nights/year) Southern Galactic Cap multiple scans (> 30 times) of the same stripe The Imaging Survey

5. Expanding universe redshift = distance SDSS Redshift Survey 1 million galaxies 100,000 quasars 100,000 stars Two high throughput spectrographs spectral range 3900-9200 Å 640 spectra simultaneously R=2000 resolution, 1.3 Å Features Automated reduction of spectra Very high sampling density and completeness The Spectroscopic Survey Elliptical galaxy

6. Pixel data collected by telescope Data Flow Sent to Fermilab for processing Beowulf Cluster produces catalog Loaded in a SQL database

7. Object catalog 6000 GB parameters of >10 8 objects Redshift Catalog 1 GB parameters of 10 6 objects Atlas Images1500 GB 5 color cutouts of >10 8 objects Spectra 60 GB in a one-dimensional form Derived Catalogs 20 GB clusters QSO absorption lines 4x4 Pixel All-Sky Map 60 GB heavily compressed Corrected Frames 15 TB Object catalog 6000 GB parameters of >10 8 objects Redshift Catalog 1 GB parameters of 10 6 objects Atlas Images1500 GB 5 color cutouts of >10 8 objects Spectra 60 GB in a one-dimensional form Derived Catalogs 20 GB clusters QSO absorption lines 4x4 Pixel All-Sky Map 60 GB heavily compressed Corrected Frames 15 TB SDSS Data Products

8. Spatial Data Access – SQL extension Szalay, Kunszt, Brunner http://www.sdss.jhu.edu/htmhttp://www.sdss.jhu.edu/htm Added Hierarchical Triangular Mesh (HTM) table-valued function for spatial joins Every object has a 20-deep Mesh ID Given a spatial definition, routine returns up to 10 covering triangles Spatial query is then up to 10 range queries Very fast: 10,000 triangles / second / cpu 2,2 2,1 2,0 2,3 2,3,0 2,3,1 2,3,22,3,3 2,2 2,1 2,0 2,32,2 2,1 2,0 2,3 2,3,0 2,3,1 2,3,22,3,3 2,3,0 2,3,1 2,3,22,3,3

9. 20 Queries DB design started with “20 queries” in English These then dictated DB design –Spatial extensions, neighbors Then implemented in SQL –Heavy use of SP, UDF –All run in 10 mins, most under 1 min Tag tables –replaced by covering indices Sequential IO –The worst case, a full scan – reached 400MB/sec on Wintel

10. Q15: Fast Moving Objects Find near earth asteroids: Finds 3 objects in 11 minutes –(or 52 seconds with an index) Ugly, but consider the alternatives (c programs and files and time…) – SELECT r.objID as rId, g.objId as gId, dbo.fGetUrlEq(g.ra, g.dec) as url FROM PhotoObj r, PhotoObj g WHERE r.run = g.run and r.camcol=g.camcol and abs(g.field-r.field)<2 -- nearby -- the red selection criteria and ((power(r.q_r,2) + power(r.u_r,2)) > 0.111111 ) and r.fiberMag_r between 6 and 22 and r.fiberMag_r < r.fiberMag_g and r.fiberMag_r < r.fiberMag_i and r.parentID=0 and r.fiberMag_r < r.fiberMag_u and r.fiberMag_r < r.fiberMag_z and r.isoA_r/r.isoB_r > 1.5 and r.isoA_r>2.0 -- the green selection criteria and ((power(g.q_g,2) + power(g.u_g,2)) > 0.111111 ) and g.fiberMag_g between 6 and 22 and g.fiberMag_g < g.fiberMag_r and g.fiberMag_g < g.fiberMag_i and g.fiberMag_g < g.fiberMag_u and g.fiberMag_g < g.fiberMag_z and g.parentID=0 and g.isoA_g/g.isoB_g > 1.5 and g.isoA_g > 2.0 -- the matchup of the pair and sqrt(power(r.cx -g.cx,2)+ power(r.cy-g.cy,2)+power(r.cz-g.cz,2))*(10800/PI())< 4.0 and abs(r.fiberMag_r-g.fiberMag_g)< 2.0

11. Demo of SkyServer Based on the TerraServer design Designed for high school students –Contains 150 hours of interactive courses Experiment for easy visual interfaces Opened June 5, 2001 After a year: –1.6M page views –60K visitors –4.7M page hits Added Web Services –Cutout –SkyQuery http://skyserver.sdss.org/

12. Public Data Release June 2002: EDR –Early Data Release January 2003: DR1 –Contains 30% of final data –100 million photo objects 4 versions of the data –Target, best, runs, spectro Total catalog volume 1.7TB –See Terascale sneakernet paper… Published releases served forever –EDR, DR1, DR2, …. O(N 2 ) – only possible because of Moore’s Law! EDR DR1 DR2 DR3

13. Why Is Astronomy Data Special? It has no commercial value –No privacy concerns –Can freely share results with others –Great for experimenting with algorithms It is real and well documented –High-dimensional (with confidence intervals) –Spatial –Temporal Diverse and distributed –Many different instruments from many different places and many different times The questions are interesting There is a lot of it (petabytes) IRAS 100  ROSAT ~keV DSS Optical 2MASS 2  IRAS 25  NVSS 20cm WENSS 92cm GB 6cm

14. Living in an Exponential World Astronomers have a few hundred TB now –1 pixel (byte) / sq arc second ~ 4TB –Multi-spectral, temporal, … → 1PB They mine it looking for new (kinds of) objects or more of interesting ones (quasars), density variations in 400-D space correlations in 400-D space Data doubles every year Data is public after 1 year So, 50% of the data is public Some have private access to 5% more data So: 50% vs 55% access for everyone

15. Virtual Observatory Many new surveys are coming –SDSS is a dry run for the next ones –LSST will be 1TB/night All the data will be on the Internet –But how? ftp, webservice… Data and apps will be associated with the instruments –Distributed world wide –Cross-indexed –Federation is a must, but how? Will be the best telescope in the world –World Wide Telescope

16. SkyQuery: Experimental Federation Federated 5 Web Services –Portal unifies 3 archives and a cutout service to visualize results –Fermilab/SDSS, JHU/FIRST, Caltech/2MASS Archives –Multi-survey spatial join and SQL select –Distributed query optimization (T. Malik, T. Budavari) in 6 weeks http://www.skyquery.net/ Cutout web service: annotated SDSS images –http://SkyService.jhu.pha.edu/SdssCutouthttp://SkyService.jhu.pha.edu/SdssCutout SELECT o.objId, o.ra, o.r, o.type, t.objId FROM SDSS:PhotoPrimary o, TWOMASS:PhotoPrimary t WHERE XMATCH(o,t)<3.5 AND AREA(181.3,-0.76,6.5) AND o.type=3 AND o.I – t.m_j > 2

17. Relevant Papers Data Mining the SDSS SkyServer Database Jim Gray; Peter Kunszt; Donald Slutz; Alex Szalay; Ani Thakar; Jan Vandenberg; Chris Stoughton Jan. 2002 40 p. An earlier paper described the Sloan Digital Sky Survey’s (SDSS) data management needs [Szalay1] by defining twenty database queries and twelve data visualization tasks that a good data management system should support. We built a database and interfaces to support both the query load and also a website for ad-hoc access. This paper reports on the database design, describes the data loading pipeline, and reports on the query implementation and performance. The queries typically translated to a single SQL statement. Most queries run in less than 20 seconds, allowing scientists to interactively explore the database. This paper is an in-depth tour of those queries. Readers should first have studied the companion overview paper “The SDSS SkyServer – Public Access to the Sloan Digital Sky Server Data” [Szalay2]. SDSS SkyServer–Public Access to Sloan Digital Sky Server Data Jim Gray; Alexander Szalay; Ani Thakar; Peter Z. Zunszt; Tanu Malik; Jordan Raddick; Christopher Stoughton; Jan Vandenberg November 2001 11 p.: Word 1.46 Mbytes PDF 456 KbytesWordPDF The SkyServer provides Internet access to the public Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data for both astronomers and for science education. This paper describes the SkyServer goals and architecture. It also describes our experience operating the SkyServer on the Internet. The SDSS data is public and well- documented so it makes a good test platform for research on database algorithms and performance. The World-Wide Telescope Jim Gray; Alexander Szalay August 2001 6 p.: Word 684 Kbytes PDF 84 KbytesWordPDF All astronomy data and literature will soon be online and accessible via the Internet. The community is building the Virtual Observatory, an organization of this worldwide data into a coherent whole that can be accessed by anyone, in any form, from anywhere. The resulting system will dramatically improve our ability to do multi-spectral and temporal studies that integrate data from multiple instruments. The virtual observatory data also provides a wonderful base for teaching astronomy, scientific discovery, and computational science. Designing and Mining Multi-Terabyte Astronomy Archives Robert J. Brunner; Jim Gray; Peter Kunszt; Donald Slutz; Alexander S. Szalay; Ani Thakar June 1999 8 p.: Word (448 Kybtes) PDF (391 Kbytes)WordPDF The next-generation astronomy digital archives will cover most of the sky at fine resolution in many wavelengths, from X-rays, through ultraviolet, optical, and infrared. The archives will be stored at diverse geographical locations. One of the first of these projects, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is creating a 5- wavelength catalog over 10,000 square degrees of the sky (see http://www.sdss.org/). The 200 million objects in the multi-terabyte database will have mostly numerical attributes in a 100+ dimensional space. Points in this space have highly correlated distributions.http://www.sdss.org/ The archive will enable astronomers to explore the data interactively. Data access will be aided by multidimensional spatial and attribute indices. The data will be partitioned in many ways. Small tag objects consisting of the most popular attributes will accelerate frequent searches. Splitting the data among multiple servers will allow parallel, scalable I/O and parallel data analysis. Hashing techniques will allow efficient clustering, and pair-wise comparison algorithms that should parallelize nicely. Randomly sampled subsets will allow de-bugging otherwise large queries at the desktop. Central servers will operate a data pump to support sweep searches touching most of the data. The anticipated queries will re-quire special operators related to angular distances and complex similarity tests of object properties, like shapes, colors, velocity vectors, or temporal behaviors. These issues pose interesting data management challenges.

18. References and Links SkyServer –http://skyserver.sdss.org/http://skyserver.sdss.org/ –http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/ Virtual Observatory –http://www.us-vo.org/http://www.us-vo.org/ –http://www.voforum.org/http://www.voforum.org/ World-Wide Telescope –paper in Science V.293 pp. 2037-2038. 14 Sept 2001. (MS-TR-2001-77 word or pdf.)wordpdf.) SDSS DB is a data mining challenge: –Get your personal copy at http://research.microsoft.com/~gray/sdss http://research.microsoft.com/~gray/sdss