1. Measures of Spread Chapter 3.3 – Tools for Analyzing Data Mathematics of Data Management (Nelson) MDM 4U

2. Foot size of gongshowhockey.com users What shape are the distributions?

3. What is spread? spread tells you how widely the data are dispersed for example, the two histograms have identical mean and median, but the spread is significantly different

4. Why worry about spread? spread indicates how close the values cluster around the middle value  less spread means you have greater confidence that values will fall within a particular range.

5. Vocabulary spread and dispersion refer to the same thing range is the difference between the largest and smallest values a quartile is one of three numerical values that divide a group of numbers into 4 equal parts the Interquartile Range (IQR) is the difference between the first and third quartiles

6. Quartiles Example 26 28 34 36 38 38 40 41 41 44 45 46 51 54 55 range = 55 – 26 = 29 Q2 = 41Median Q1 = 36Median of lower half of data Q3 = 46Median of upper half of data IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 46 – 36 = 10 (contains 50% of data) if a quartile occurs between 2 values, it is calculated as the average of the two values

7. A More Useful Measure of Spread The interquartile range is a somewhat useful measure of spread Standard deviation is more useful To calculate it we need to find the mean and the deviation for each data point Mean is easy, as we have done that before Deviation is the difference between a particular point and the mean

8. Deviation The mean of these numbers is 48 The deviation for 24 is 24 - 48 = -24 -24 12 243648607284 36 The deviation for 84 is 84 - 48 = 36

9. Standard Deviation deviation is the distance from the piece of data you are examining to the mean variance is a measure of spread found by averaging the squares of the deviation calculated for each piece of data Taking the square root of variance, you get standard deviation Standard deviation is a very important and useful measure of spread

10. Standard Deviation σ² (lower case sigma squared) is used to represent variance σ is used to represent standard deviation σ is commonly used to measure the spread of data, with larger values of σ indicating greater spread we are using a population standard deviation

11. Example of Standard Deviation 26 28 34 36 mean = (26 + 28 + 34 + 36) / 4 = 31 σ² = (26–31)² + (28-31)² + (34-31)² + (36-31)² 4 σ² = 17 σ = √17 = 4.12

12. Standard Deviation with Grouped Data grouped mean = (2×2 + 3×6 + 4×6 + 5×2) / 16 = 3.5 deviations:  2: 2 – 3.5 = -1.5  3: 3 – 3.5 = -0.5  4: 4 – 3.5 = 0.5  5: 5 – 3.5 = 1.5 σ² = 2(-1.5)² + 6(-0.5)² + 6(0.5)² + 2(1.5)² 16 σ² = 0.7499 σ = √0.7499 = 0.87 Hours of TV 2345 Frequency 2662

13. MSIP / Homework read through the examples on pages 164-167 Complete p. 168 #2b, 3b, 4, 6, 7, 10 you are responsible for knowing how to do simple examples by hand (<10 pieces of data) however, we will use technology (Fathom) to calculate larger examples have a look at your calculator and see if you have this feature (Σσn and Σσn-1)

14. Normal Distribution Chapter 3.4 – Tools for Analyzing Data Mathematics of Data Management (Nelson) MDM 4U

15. Histograms Histograms may be skewed... Right-skewed Left-skewed

16. Histograms... or symmetrical

17. Normal? A normal distribution creates a histogram that is symmetrical and has a bell shape, and is used quite a bit in statistical analyses Also called a Gaussian Distribution It is symmetrical with equal mean, median and mode that fall on the line of symmetry of the curve

18. A Real Example the heights of 600 randomly chosen Canadian students from the “Census at School” data set the data approximates a normal distribution

19. The 68-95-99.7% Rule area under curve is 1 (i.e. it represents 100% of the population surveyed) approx 68% of the data falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean approx 95% of the data falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean approx 99.7% of the data falls within 3 standard deviations of the mean http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/A25329.html

20. Distribution of Data 34% 13.5% 2.35% 68% 95% 99.7% xx + 1σx + 2σx + 3σx - 1σx - 2σx - 3σ 0.15%

21. Normal Distribution Notation The notation above is used to describe the Normal distribution where x is the mean and σ² is the variance (square of the standard deviation) e.g. X~N (70,8 2 ) describes a Normal distribution with mean 70 and standard deviation 8 (our class at midterm?)

22. Percentage of data between two values The area under any normal curve is 1 The percent of data that lies between two values in a normal distribution is equivalent to the area under the normal curve between these values See examples 2 and 3 on page 175

23. Why is the Normal distribution so important? Many psychological and educational variables are distributed approximately normally:  reading ability, memory, etc. Normal distributions are statistically easy to work with  All kinds of statistical tests are based on it Lane (2003)

24. An example Suppose the time before burnout for an LED averages 120 months with a standard deviation of 10 months and is approximately Normally distributed. What is the length of time a user might expect an LED to last? 95% of the data will be within 2 standard deviations of the mean This will mean that 95% of the bulbs will be between 120 – 2×10 months and 120 + 2×10 So 95% of the bulbs will last 100-140 months

25. Example continued… Suppose you wanted to know how long 99.7% of the bulbs will last? This is the area covering 3 standard deviations on either side of the mean This will mean that 99.7% of the bulbs will be between 120 – 3×10 months and 120 + 3×10 So 99.7% of the bulbs will last 90-150 months This assumes that all the bulbs are produced to the same standard

26. Example continued… 34% 13.5% 2.35% 95% 99.7% 12014015010090 months

27. Exercises try page 176 #1, 3b, 6, 8, 9, 10 http://onlinestatbook.com/

28. References Lane, D. (2003). What's so important about the normal distribution? Retrieved October 5, 2004 from http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/normal_distri bution.html Wikipedia (2004). Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 1, 2004 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page