1. Describing Data Using Numerical Measures
Chapter 3
Describing Data Using Numerical Measures

2. Chapter 3 - Chapter Outcomes
After studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to:
• Compute the mean, median, and mode for a set of data and understand what these values represent.
• Compute the range, variance, and standard deviation and know what these values mean.
• Know how to construct a box and whiskers graph and be able to interpret it.

3. Chapter 3 - Chapter Outcomes (continued)
After studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to:
• Compute the coefficient of variation and z scores and understand how they are applied in decision-making situations.
• Use numerical measures along with graphs, charts, and tables to effectively describe data.

4. Parameters and Statistics
A parameter is a measure computed from the entire population. As long as the population does not change, the value of the parameter will not change.

5. Parameters and Statistics
A statistic is a measure computed from a sample that has been selected from the population. The value of the statistic will depend on which sample is selected.

6. Mean
The mean is a numerical measure of the center of a set of quantitative measures computed by dividing the sum of the values by the number of values in the data set.

7. N = number of data values xi = ith individual value of variable x
Population Mean
where:  = population mean (mu)
N = number of data values
xi = ith individual value of variable x

8. Population Mean Example 3-1
Table 3-1: Foster City Hotel Data

9. Population Mean Example 3-1
The population mean for the number of rooms rented is computed as follows:

10. Sample Mean where: = sample mean (pronounced “x-bar”) n = sample size
xi = ith individual value of variable x

11. Sample Mean Housing Prices Example
{xi} = {house prices} = {$144,000; 98,000; 204,000; ,000; 155,000; 316,000; 100,000}

12. Median
The median is the center value that divides data that have been arranged in numerical order (i.e. an ordered array) into two halves.

13. Median Housing Prices Example
{xi} = {house prices} = {$144,000; 98,000; 204,000; ,000; 155,000; 316,000; 100,000}
Ordered array:
$98,000; 100,000; 144,000; 155,000; 177,000; 204,000; 316,000
Middle Value
Median = 155,000

14. Median Another Housing Prices Example
{xi} = {house prices} = {$144,000; 98,000; 204,000; ,000; 155,000; 316,000; 100,000; ,000; 177,000; 170,000}
Ordered array:
$98,000; 100,000; 144,000; 155,000; 170,000; 177,000; 177,000; 177,000; 204,000; 316,000
Middle Values
Median = (170, ,000)/2
= 173,500

15. Skewed Data
• Right-skewed data: Data are right-skewed if the mean for the data is larger than the median.
• Left-skewed data: Data are left -skewed if the mean for the data is smaller than the median.

16. Skewed Data (Figure 3-3) a) Right-Skewed b) Left-Skewed c) Symmetric
Median Mean
Mean Median
Mean = Median
a) Right-Skewed
b) Left-Skewed
c) Symmetric

17. Mode
The mode is the value in a data set that occurs most frequently. A data set may have more than one mode if two or more values tie for the highest frequency. A data set might not have a mode at all if no value occurs more than one time.

18. Mode Housing Prices Example
{xi} = {house prices} = {$144,000; 98,000; 204,000; ,000; 155,000; 316,000; 100,000; ,000; 177,000; 170,000}
Data array:
$98,000; 100,000; 144,000; 155,000; 170,000; 177,000; 177,000; 177,000; 204,000; 316,000
Mean = 1,718,000/10 = 171,800
Median = 173,500
Mode = 177,000

19. The median is the 50th percentile.
Percentiles
The pth percentile in a data array is a value that divides the data into two parts. The lower segment contains at least p% and the upper segment contains at least (100 - p)% of the data.
The median is the 50th percentile.

20. The median corresponds to the second quartile.
Quartiles
Quartiles in a data array are those values that divide the data set into four equal-sized groups.
The median corresponds to the second quartile.

21. Measures of Variation
A set of data exhibits variation if all of the data are not the same value.

22. R = Maximum Value - Minimum Value
Range
The range is a measure of variation that is computed by finding the difference between the maximum and minimum values in the data set.
R = Maximum Value - Minimum Value

23. Interquartile Range = Third Quartile - First Quartile
The interquartile range is a measure of variation that is determined by computing the difference between the first and third quartiles.
Interquartile Range = Third Quartile - First Quartile

24. Variance & Standard Deviation
The population variance is the average of the squared distances of the data values from the population mean.
The standard deviation is the positive square root of the variance.

25. 2 = population variance (sigma squared)
where: = population mean
N = population size
2 = population variance (sigma squared)

26. Population Variance (Bryce Lumber Example)

27. Population Standard Deviation (Bryce Lumber Example)

28. where: = sample mean n = sample size s2 = sample variance

29. Sample Standard Deviation
where: = sample mean
n = sample size
s = sample standard deviation

30. Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage. The coefficient of variation is used to measure the relative variation in the data.

31. Coefficient of Variation
Population Coefficient of Variation
Sample Coefficient of Variation

32. The Empirical Rule
If the data distribution is bell-shaped, then the interval:
contains approximately 68% of the values in the population or the sample
contains approximately 95% of the values in the population or the sample
contains virtually all of the data values in the population or the sample

33. The Empirical Rule (Figure 3-11)
95%
68% X

34. Tchebysheff’s Theorem
Regardless of how the data are distributed, at least (1 - 1/k2) of the values will fall within k standard deviations of the mean. For example:
At least (1 - 1/12) = 0% of the values will fall within k=1 standard deviation of the mean
At least (1 - 1/22) = 3/4 = 75% of the values will fall within k=2 standard deviation of the mean
At least (1 - 1/32) = 8/9 = 89% of the values will fall within k=3 standard deviation of the mean

35. Standardized Data Values
A standardized data value refers to the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean. The standardized data values are sometimes referred to as z-scores.

36. Standardized Data Values
STANDARDIZED POPULATION DATA
where: x = original data value
 = population mean
 = population standard deviation
z = standard score (number of standard deviations x is from )

37. Standardized Data Values
STANDARDIZED SAMPLE DATA
where: x = original data value
= sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
z = standard score

38. Key Terms • Coefficient of Variation • Data Array • Empirical Rule
• Interquartile Range
• Left-Skewed Data
• Mean
• Median
• Parameter
• Percentiles
• Quartiles
• Range
• Right-Skewed Data
• Skewed Data
• Standard Deviation
• Standardized Data Values
• Statistic

39. Key Terms (continued) • Symmetric Data • Tchebysheff’s Theorem
• Variance
• Variation