1. Spelling Grammar Chapter 16

2. Spell by syllables Overpronouncing each syllable of a long word will often help you spell it correctly. ◦ Unnecessary ◦ Disappoint ◦ Underage ◦ Misspell ◦ Personally ◦ Gentleness ◦ Beautiful

3. Look up the spellings of doubtful words. Use a dictionary to help you spell words with confusing spelling. Use dictionary.com. Use spell check. Spelling is a serious error, a letter grade off on a college paper.

4. Keep a list of words that are problematic for you. Words should stay on this list until you know how to spell them. Write these words several times, concentrating on appearance and sound. Study these words three or four different days. Have someone quiz you over the words.

5. Making English Words Plural In the summers my family takes a trip to my uncle’s house near the citys of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheeps on his farm. My six- year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponys. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you childs aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

6. Making English Words Plural In the summers my family takes a trip to my uncle’s house near the citys of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheeps on his farm. My six- year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponys. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you childs aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

7. Making English Words Plural In the summers my family takes a trip to my uncle’s house near the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheep on his farm. My six- year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponies. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you children aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

8. If the word ends in ch, sh, s, x, or z, add es. March marches Push pushes Genius geniuses Tax taxes Buzz buzzes

9. If the word ends in a consonant followed by y, change the final y to i and add es. Poppy poppies Pony ponies Rally rallies Deny denies

10. If the word ends in a vowel followed by y, add s. Key keys Toy toys

11. If the word ends in f or fe, consult your dictionary. For most, add s; for others, change the f to v and add es. Roof roofs Safe safes Leaf leaves Shelf shelves

12. If the word ends in o, consult your dictionary. For most, add es; for others add s. Tomato tomatoes Potato potatoes Echo echoes Solo solos Photo photos

13. Add s to most other words. Look looks Bug Bugs Menu menus Bone bones

14. Some nouns have irregular plural forms. Consult your dictionary for nouns with irregular plurals. Ox oxen Goose geese Deer deer

15. i before e except after c or when sounding like a as in neighbor or weigh Shriek Shield Grieve Ceiling Receipt conceit Freight Vein weight

16. Exceptions Caffeine Leisure Protein Seize Sheik Weird Either neither

17. Class Work Grammar exercise 16-1 Grammar exercise 16-3

18. Homework Grammar exercise 16-2 Grammar exercise 16-4

19. Doubling a final consonant: If a one- syllable word ends with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. Snob snobbery

20. Doubling a final consonant: If a multisyllabic word with its main accent on the final syllable ends with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. Occur occurring

21. If a word ends with a single consonant preceded by a double vowel, do not double the final consonant before adding a suffix. Droop drooped Greet greeted

22. Change the final y to I before adding a suffix if a consonant precedes the y. Baby babied Plenty plentiful Sixty sixtieth

23. If the suffix itself begins with i, don not change the final y to i. Cry crying Carry carrying

24. Drop the final silent e preceded by a consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. Hope hoping Like likable Using Exceptions: noticeable, courageous

25. Keep the final silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a consonant. Hope hopeless Like likely Use useful Exceptions: truly, argument, judgment

26. Class Work Grammar exercise 16-5

27. Homework Grammar exercise 16-6 Grammar exercise 16-7

28. Dictionary Most common tool used for learning about words and languages Gives a word’s spelling, syllabification, pronunciation, definitions, different forms, parts of speech, synonyms and/or antonyms, and capitalization May list abbreviations, geographic names, and biographical names May include a brief history of words

29. Terms Guide words- pair of words that tell you the first and last word defined on that page ◦ Words are listed alphabetically. Entry- the word being defined ◦ Use for proper spelling of a word.

30. Practice! Exercise 17-1 Exercise 17-2 Exercise 17-3

31. Pronouncing the Word Syllabification- shown by dots between each syllable ◦ ac-qui-esce Pronunciation- respelling of a word that shows you how to pronounce the word correctly ◦ [ak-wee-es] Pronunciation guide- lists the symbols used in that dictionary to represent sounds Accent mark- indicates which syllables will be emphasized, or stressed, when pronounced

32. Practice! Exercise 17-4 Exercise 17-5 Exercise 17-6

33. Using the Word Function label- indicates the entry word’s part of speech ◦ Verb (used without an object Definition- meaning of the word ◦ to assent tacitly; submit or comply silently or without protest; agree; consent

34. Using the Word Synonyms- words with the same or similar meaning ◦ accede, concur; capitulate Antonyms- words with the opposite meaning ◦ contest, protest Etymology- the word’s history ◦ 1610–20; < Latin acqui ē scere to find rest in, equivalent to ac- ac- + qui ē - (see quiet 2 ) + - sc- inchoative suffix + -ere infinitive suffixac-quiet

35. Practice! Exercise 17-7 Exercise 17-8

36. Dictionary Drills!