2. Period of Professionalism*** Prelude to the future −Chung Ha Suh, PhD. −NINDS. −US Office of Education

3. 1970’s*** 1973: First US government funding of Chiropractic research 1973: Chiropractic included in Medicare 1974: CCE recognized by USOE 1976: Wilk vs. AMA 1978: JMPT first published 1979: New Zealand Report

4. 1980’s*** 1982: JMPT indexed by Index Medicus (NLM) 1982: First RCT of chiropractic for any health problem

5. 1990’s*** 1991: First Rand Study published. Additional studies in 92, 94, 98 1994: “Federal Guidelines for Low Back Pain” published 1997: Consortium Center for Chiropractic Research Funded (2.7M) 1999: Inclusion of chiropractic care for all US military mandated

6. Periods of Chiropractic History Period of Early Growth, 1895-1925 −82/28000/4000 Period of Conflict, 1925-1940 −40/15000/1400 Period of Change, 1941-1970 −11/15000/2500 Period of Professionalism, 1971-present −23/55000/15000

8. George McAndrews*** “If the profession continues to publish theory, in the absence of scientific support, and continues to waste its funds on outrageous advertising rather than investigate the truth of the theory…the last 20 years will have been wasted.”

9. Objectives To become familiar with the current research relating to chiropractic care To understand the scope of conditions treated by chiropractic To understand the savings associated with chiropractic care To understand utilization and satisfaction associated with chiropractic care

10. “Only 15% of medical interventions are supported by solid medical evidence…partly because only 1% of the articles are scientifically sound and partly because many treatments have never been assessed at all” - David Eddy M.D., “British Medical Journal”, October 1991 Food for thought**

11. An expert committee of the Institute of Health stated in 1992 “Only about 4% of all services have strong strength of evidence and more than half have very weak or no evidence”

12. Efficacy of epidural steroid injections “Whether epidural steroids are effective in common low back pain and sciatica cannot be determined based on our review” French Task Force of Randomized Trials: 1999 “failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: 1985 “of little value in the treatment of patients with chronic low back pain” N. E. Journal of Medicine: 1991

13. Food for thought*** Pfizer, Inc has 12,000 full time researchers, chiropractic has less than 100 Last year the top 25 medical schools received over $6 billion in grants, chiropractic has received less than $10 million total. NIH just approved a $30 million grant for construction of a research chimpanzee retirement home

14. *** Less than 10% of D.C.’s subscribe to a peer reviewed journal Recently Parker RI sent out 400 e-mails to Dallas D.C.’s requesting assistance in a research project. 6 responses, 2 offering help, 6 “please delete me from your mailing list” requests.

15. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:216-227

16. Questions that any therapy must answer:*** What conditions can be treated? How effective is the treatment? Is it cost effective? Is the patient satisfied with the treatment?

17. International Studies

18. New Zealand Commission Report** 1979 Concluded “Modern chiropractic is a soundly based and valuable branch of healthcare in a specialized area” The first government recognition of the effectiveness of chiropractic care

19. Canadian Study* Kirkaldy-Willis, Cassidy 1985 SMT helpful for patients with referred pain and nerve compression syndromes Clinically significant improvement for subjects originally classified as totally disabled

20. Polish Study* Kinalski 1986 SMT with PT and drugs showed more improvement than PT and drugs alone Improvement continued in the SMT group until day of discharge

21. British Study** Meade 1995 Compared chiropractic and hospital care for low back pain 29% greater improvement in patients treated with chiropractic

22. Netherlands Study** 1997 Evaluated RCT’s SMT is one of the most effective treatments for low back pain

23. Efficacy for low back pain

24. “Chiropractic Adjustments in the Treatment of Low Back Pain: Controlled Clinical Trial in Egypt”, Journal of the International Chiropractic Association, 1983* Pain relief from chiropractic compared to drugs and bed-rest. “Chiropractic superior” “Treatments given by chiropractors is novel in this area of research”

25. “Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials of Spinal manipulation”. JMPT, Mar 92* 38 of 44 studies SMT was better than comparison group Most studies compared to other effective comparison treatments SMT consistently effective

26. “Spinal Manipulation for Low Back Pain”. Annals of Internal Medicine, Oct 92** SMT for LBP at 3 weeks favors SMT SMT is of benefit in some patients with uncomplicated LBP

27. “Low Back Pain Of Mechanical Origin: Randomized Comparison of Chiropractic and Hospital Outpatient Treatment”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Jun 1990** 741 Patients SMT more effective Benefit of treatment more apparent through follow-up period

28. “A RCT of Manual Therapy and Physiotherapy for Persistent Back and Neck Complaints: Subgroup Analysis Between Outcome Measures”. JMPT, May 1990** 256 patients with six weeks of LBP Improvement larger in patients with chronic conditions Improvements larger in patients younger than 40 years Differences in other groups less clear

29. “Conservative Treatment of Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain. A systematic Review of RCT’s of the Most Common Interventions”. Spine 1997* “Strong evidence also found for the effectiveness of spinal manipulation”

30. Annals of internal Medicine 10/2007*** Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society Recommendation 7: For patients who do not improve with self- care options, clinicians should consider the addition of nonpharmacologic therapy with proven benefits—for acute low back pain, spinal manipulation; for chronic or subacute low back pain, intensive interdisciplinary rehabilitation, exercise therapy, acupuncture, massage therapy, spinal manipulation, yoga, cognitive- behavioral therapy, or progressive relaxation (weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).

31. Neck Pain

32. “Manipulation and Mobilization of the Cervical Spine: A Systematic Review of the Literature”. Spine, 1996** Meta-analysis Improvement with SMT compared to muscle relaxants and usual medical care

33. “Manipulation of the Cervical Spine: A Pilot Study”. Journal of the Royal College Of General Practitioners, 1983* Neck pain and shoulder pain all improved after manipulation

34. “A Blinded RCT of Manual Therapy and Physiotherapy for Chronic Back and Neck Complaints”. JMPT, 1993* Results measured at 3, 6 and 12 weeks Improvement for manual therapy group was larger than for the other groups at all follow-up measurements

35. Headache

36. “Spinal Manipulation vs. Amitriptlyline for the Treatment of Chronic Tension-type Headache: A RCT”. JMPT, 1995** 150 subjects Outcome measures −Daily HA intensity −Weekly headache frequency −OTC medication usage −SF-36 Both groups improved at similar rate At 4 weeks SMT showed 32%decrease in intensity, 42% decrease in frequency and 16% improvement in health status. Amitriptlyine returned to base line

37. “Behavioral and Physical Treatments for Tension-type and Cervicogenic Headache”, Duke University Report, 2001** Studied behavioral interventions, acupuncture, spinal manipulation and physiotherapy for tx of cervicogenic and tension type headache. “Manipulation is effective in patients with cervicogenic headache, but its efficacy in patients with tension-type headache is unproven”

38. “The Effect of Spinal Manipulation in the Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache”. JMPT, 1997* As opposed to soft tissue therapy “spinal manipulation seems to have a positive effect”

39. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome* “Comparative Efficacy of Conservative Medical and Chiropractic Treatments: A RCT”. JMPT, 1998 −“Both treatments effective, chiropractic with less side effects”

40. Fibromyalgia* “The Effectiveness of Chiropractic Management of Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study”. JMPT, 1997 −21 patients, 18-70 years old −Significant improvement in flexibility and reduction of pain levels

41. “Infantile Colic Treated by Chiropractors, A Prospective Study of 316 Cases”. JMPT 1989* Reduction in daily length of colic periods and a reduction in the number of colic periods per day Improvement could not be attributed to natural cessation of colic symptoms

42. “Short Term Effect of Spinal Manipulation in the Treatment of Infantile Colic: A RCT with a Blinded Observer”. JMPT, 1999* Chiropractic group had a 67% reduction of daily colic hours by day 12 Dimethicone group had 38% reduction by day 12

43. Other Conditions** Asthma Premenstrual syndrome Otitis media Sinusitis Migraine

44. Utilization* New England Journal Medicine of Medicine-1993 −Visits in 1990 to alternative medicine providers exceeded visits to primary care medical doctors −Follow-up survey in 1997 showed 25%increase Rand study: D.C’s deliver 40% of primary care to LBP patients, retain 92% of patients, perform 90% of SMT

45. Patient Satisfaction** Harris and Associates patients satisfaction for low pack pain −63% D.C −56% P.T −52% M.D. −50% D.O. University of Washington School of Medicine “rated the care they received much more highly than persons who sought care from primary physicians.”

46. Cost Effectiveness** Florida W.C. (1988) −D.C treated patient less likely to become disabled and if disabled it is for a shorted period of time Australia WC (1992): Decreased costs and fewer compensation days when treated by D.C. rather than M.D. Journal of Family Practice, 1992 −Disability for D.C treated patient: 10.8 days −Disability for M.D. treated patient: 37.8 days.

47. Cost Effectiveness** Archives of Internal Medicine, Oct 2004 Compared two health plans over 4 years (700,000/1,000,000) for back care cost Chiropractic health plan: −41% reduction in hospitalizations −37% reduction in MRI/CT −32% reduction in back surgeries −23% reduction in x-rays −Overall cost per episode of back pain was reduced 28%

48. Chiropractic Health Care Demonstration Project**

49. How satisfied were you with improvement in your condition Chiropractic: 81.5% excellent 13.8% somewhat 4.6% poor Medical: 55.6% excellent 22.9% somewhat 21.5 poor

50. I feel better now Chiropractic: 78.5% Strongly agree 14.6% Somewhat agree 3.3% Strongly disagree Medical: 49.2% Strongly agree 22.0% Somewhat agree 28.8% Strongly disagree

51. What best describes you today? Chiropractic: 48.5% Not restricted 44.1% Somewhat restricted 7.4% Very restricted Medical: 32.1% Not restricted 50.0% Somewhat restricted 17.9% Very restricted

52. Days on restricted duty Chiropractic: 71.5% 0 days 4.2% 1-4 days 24.3% 5+ days Medical: 51.1% 0 days 8.2% 1-4 days 40.7% 5+ days

53. Comments*** “Patients more likely to give their provider excellent marks if they were seen by a chiropractor” “Patients of doctors of chiropractic were significantly more likely to show self-reported improvement….than patients who saw traditional providers”

54. Conclusions*** “The incorporation of chiropractic care within the DoD is not advisable

55. Research Methods Anatomy of a Research Article

57. Anatomy of a Research Paper Dissecting the Basis Product of Research the Published Research Article

58. Research Journals** Editorials, commentaries, letters to the editor…..(points of view or opinion) Literature reviews…..(summarizes other work) Descriptive studies…..(observe/record and explain findings) Experiments…..(researcher actively designs and places controls on the study)

59. Critical Reading Knowing the elements of a article and what each element is supposed to accomplish gives us the knowledge upon which to evaluate the quality of research

60. Elements of a Research Article (IMRaD format)** Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

61. Methods*** Most important portion of an article Includes: −Design −Subject or population used −Subject selection −Procedures −Variables measured −Statistical analysis (Descriptive and analytic)

62. Research Variables** How measured Quality of measures (reliability, accuracy, validity) Incomplete information makes measuring the adequacy of the research difficult

63. Results** Summarizes all pertinent data Tables and graphs Results of statistical analysis Reports all research outcomes related to the stated hypothesis

64. Discussion** Interprets data and discusses the importance of the research Identifies weakness Outlines need for future research

65. Cautions** Especially subject to author bias Look for exaggerations or inappropriate conclusions Look for errors in statistics

66. References* Author consideration of other work Quality of other work (JMPT, Gray’s Anatomy, National Inquirer, etc.) How recent the references? Other important research omitted? Do most supporting references come from the author?

67. Acknowledgements* Usually in bottom left hand corner Describes funding and assistance Author contact and information about reprints

68. Abstract and Conclusion** “doubtful or invalid statements were found in 76% of the conclusions or abstracts” Controlled Clinical Trials, 1989, 10:31-56

69. Summary Abstract- Summary of the research Introduction- Importance, literature review, hypothesis Methods- Design, sample selection, data collection Results- Data summarized, analysis of data, tables and charts Discussion- Conclusions supported, no exaggerations, weakness stated

70. References- Adequate, timely, quality