1. By: Mandy Jenkins, Erica Mulford, and Justin Taylor

2.  The Nile is the world’s longest river  Flows from Burundi in the South to Egypt in the North  Three main tributaries  Blue Nile  White Nile  River Atbara

3.  Rainfall levels  Egypt: 200mm  Sudan: 250mm  Ethiopia: 850mm  Causes  Biome type  Climate change Heightened rates of evaporation

4. The central problem in Sudan is water scarcity leading to increased death rates and other negative heal implications due to waterborne illnesses

5.  Climate  Population  Growth of 2.3% a year  "About 40% of Africa's population lives in the Nile Basin, and is projected to at least double by 2025"  Weak governmental infrastructure  Civil war due to power struggles and management of scarce resources  Water management is not a priority

8.  Outdated treaties  Increased difficulty of creating water infrastructure projects due to non-retention policies  Increased poverty  Poverty  139th among 177 countries in the Human Development Index (HDI)  40% of population beneath poverty line  Unsustainable agricultural practices  Types of crops grown  Creation of dams and canals  Water pollution  Salinity, acidity, and excess nutrients  Leading to lower crop yields

9.  Poor health in Sudan  Stagnant water results in waterborne illnesses  Diseases: cholera, amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis  Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, headaches, nausea, fever, and flu-like effects Can often result in death

10.  Nile River has always been very important  No method of irrigation until around time of great pyramids  Basin Irrigation  Construction of the Aswan Dam and the 1929 Nile Waters Agreement  Egypt: 48 billion cubic meters of water per year  Sudan: 4 billion cubic meters of water per year  1959 "Full Utilization of the Nile Waters" agreement  Sudan's yearly water allotment rises to 18.5 billion cubic meters per year  Resentment among Nile Basin countries due to treaties

11. Stakeholder Influence over the problem Sudanese Government Second largest amount of power and influence over problem Egyptian Government Largest amount of power and influence over problem IndustryLot of power, but less than governments CitizensMinimal influence or power due to lack of organization

12.  Goals  Improve the overall health of the population  Reduce pollution levels  Combat water scarcity in Sudan  Objectives  Decrease salinity levels  Improve water infrastructure and increase sustainable water management practices  Create government-funded education programs  Improve sanitation  Renegotiate existing treaties

13.  Educational Programs  Solution: increase number of volunteers in Peace Corps in Sudan, and create a volunteer program in Egypt  Time frame: 1-5 years  Crop Rotation  Solution: Implement legislation requiring large- scale farmers to use crop rotation, and to push small-scale and subsistence farmers to implement crop rotation as well  Time Frame: 1-5 years  Small Scale Water Purification Technologies  Solution: Implement technologies decrease water pollution and improve drinking water quality.  Time Frame: 1-5 years

14.  Renegotiate Treaties  Solution: Revise current treaties regarding water allocation for Sudan and Egypt  Time Frame:5-15 years  Reduce Pollution Levels  Solution: In situ bioremediation, legislation to combat waste dumping, and legislation to prevent the creation of new dams  Time Frame:10-15 years  Improve Water Infrastructure  Solution: Create small scale wastewater treatment facilities, and implement rainwater capturing devices  Time Frame: 10-15 years

15.  Tier 1: implement within 5 years  Solutions that can be immediately implemented and allow for the success of the following components of the solution Educational programs and renegotiated treaties  Tier 2: implement within 10 years  Solutions that require legislative changes and cultural acceptance: Change in agricultural practices, and technology adoption and implementation  Tier 3: implement within 15 years  Solutions that require legislative changes and major developmental adjustments : Improved water infrastructure  Tier 4: achieve within 15 years  The outcome of implementing tiers 1 - 3 Reduced pollution levels and improved health

16.  Fall further into debt.  War breaking out between the Nile countries.  Increase water pollution do to industrial growth.  Amplify civil unrest.  Create a more uneven distribution of wealth in the Sudan.