1. Cell Structure & Function
Cell Organelles (part a)

2. Microtubules & Microfilaments
Cytoskeleton
Key Concept:
The Cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape, The Cytoskeleton is also involved in many forms of cell movements
Contains:
Microtubules & Microfilaments

3. Microtubules Hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter
Maintain cell shape
Provide “Tracks” along which cell organelles move
Especially important during cell division

4. Microtubules-Green
Nucleus

5. Microtubules - TEM

6. Microtubules & Cell Division
Separates Chromosomes
Centriole?
Animal
Yes
Plant No

7. Microtubules & Locomotion
Photomicrograph
TEM
Cilia

8. Microtubules & Locomotion
Photomicrograph
Flagella

9. Microtubules & Locomotion
Photomicrograph
Flagella
Pili
Flagella
E. coli
Ecoli_flagella.jpg

10. Microfilaments 7 Nanometers in diameter
Form Extensive Networks To Support Cells
Also used as “Tracks” for organelles being moved by motor proteins

11. Microfilaments - Green
Microtubules
Microfilaments

12. First Identified By Robert Brown in 1831
Nucleus
First Identified By Robert Brown in 1831
Key Concept:
The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

13. Nucleus Frog Blood Nucleated RBC’s (normal)
Neutrophile (White Blood Cell)

14. Nucleus
Human Cheek Cells
Nucleus

15. Nucleus Human Blood Smear Segmented Neutrophile Red Blood Cell
Band Cell
Eosinophile
Lymphocyte
Basophile

16. Chromatin & Chromosomes
Granular material within the nucleus which is a combination of DNA bound to protein
Chromosome
Condensed Chromatin that forms during cell division

17. Dense area within the nucleus which is where ribosome formation begins
Nucleolus
Dense area within the nucleus which is where ribosome formation begins
Nucleolus
Chromatin

18. Nuclear Envelope Double Membrane Surrounds Chromatin
Contains thousands of Nuclear Pores which allow the transfer of material in and out of the Nucleus

19. Nuclear Pores

20. Nuclear Pore – TEM

21. Ribosomes Make Proteins Made From 0.025 micrometers in diameter
r-RNA (ribosomal RNA) +
Protein Subunits (from Nucleolus)
0.025 micrometers in diameter
Translate m-RNA (messenger RNA) into protein

22. Ribosomes

23. Ribosome Amino Acid Being Added To The Protein Chain
transfer RNA tRNA (We will learn about later)
messenger RNA mRNA (We will learn about later)

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Key Concept:
The endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified.

25. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes Proteins
Looks rough because of ribosomes that stud the surface.
Proteins move from the ribosomes, directly into the Endoplasmic Reticulum where the proteins may be further modified.

26. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER

27. Free Standing Ribosomes
Manufacture Proteins For Use In The Cell

28. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
This Section Of The ER does not have any Ribosomes attached.
Smooth ER typically manufactures lipids to make membranes

29. Golgi Apparatus
Proteins produced by the Rough ER move into the Golgi Apparatus.
Consists of a stack of membranes like stacks of pita bread

30. Products are then sent to their final destination.
Golgi Apparatus
Key Concept:
Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates & lipids to proteins.
Products are then sent to their final destination.

32. Small vacuoles involved in the transport of substances within the cell
Vesicles
Small vacuoles involved in the transport of substances within the cell