1. What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? Describe the functions of the cell membrane and cell wall. Classify a solution as hypertonic and predict the movement of water to reach equilibrium.

2. What is this organelle and what is it’s function?

4. What is phagocytosis? What is pinocytosis?

5. Compare and Contrast Plant and Animal cells. Classify a solution as hypotonic and predict the movement of water to reach equilibrium. Classify a solution as isotonic and predict the movement of water to reach equilibrium.

6. What is exocytosis? What is a lipid bilayer? What is concentration?

7. Describe the levels of cell specialization. Go from smallest to largest. What is the three parts to cell theory? What is a function of a vesicle?

8. What is endocytosis? What is equilibrium? What is cytoplasm?

9. Prokaryotes – are generally smaller and simpler and do NOT have a nucleus. Ex. Bacteria such as E. Coli Eukaryotes – Can be single or multi cellular and contain a nucleus. Ex. All plants, animals, and fungi Plant cells – contain a cell wall and chloroplasts Animal cells – contain lysosomes and centrioles Cell membrane – Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. Present in both plant and animal cells. Cell wall – Found in plant cells, made of fibers of carbohydrates and proteins. Most plant cells wall are made of cellulose. Hypotonic – “below strength” -Less concentration of water INSIDE - Water moves IN -CELL WILL BURST!! Hypertonic – “above strength” -Greater concentration of water INSIDE - Water move OUT -CELL WILL SHRINK!! Isotonic – “equal strength” -Same concentration on both sides - NO MOVEMENT of water -Cells retain their normal shape

10. Diffusion – Movement of molecules OTHER THAN WATER across a selectively permeable membrane. -No energy required -Moves from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration until it reaches equilibrium. Osmosis – Movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane (Diffusion of water) -No ENERGY required. -Water moves from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached Facilitated Diffusion Molecules that are too large to cross via diffusion use specific protein channels to move through the membrane. -No energy required -Moves from high to low concentration - Ex. ions, sugars, salts Active Transport Molecules move from a Low Concentration to a High Concentration. -Require energy (ATP) - Obtains energy from mitochondria -Ex. Pumps move Ca, K, & Na across a membrane via a protein pump. Cell specialization – separate roles for each type of cell in a multi-cellular organism. 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced only form existing cells.

11. Nucleus - Controls the cell processes and contains DNA. Contains genes, nearly all the cell’s DNA, & is used for determining chemical & physical traits. Contains granular material visible within the nucleus called Chromatin. Chromatin is the master set of directions for making proteins. Nucleolus – Site where ribosome formation begins. Ribosomes aid in the production of proteins within the cell. Nuclear Envelope & Nuclear Pores – The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is the nuclear envelope. This membrane is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores. Through these pores, materials, such as RNA, move into and out of the nucleus. Ribosomes – proteins are assembled on ribosomes. They can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum. They are composed of RNA & protein. They are made in the nucleolus. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: -No ribosomes on surface - synthesizes lipids for the cell membrane - used for calcium storage -Detoxifies certain poisons & drugs Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: -Ribosomes on surface of the E.R. -Involved in chemically modifying proteins (protein synthesis)

12. Golgi Apparatus -Stack of membranes that house enzymes which are responsible for attaching carbohydrates and lipids to proteins - Forms vesicles or sacs filled with cell products. Lysosomes -“clean-up” crew 1.To break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into usable particles. 2.To break down organelles that are no longer used. 3.To remove debris that clutters up the cell. Vacuoles – help maintain homeostasis - Temporarily stores materials like salt, water, proteins, and carbohydrates. -Plants have a large vacuole that provides strength. - Animals only have small vacuoles that are also called vesicles. Mitochondria -Uses energy in food to make high-energy compounds. These compounds are what the cells use to grow, move, and develop. Most numerous in active cells (like muscle cells). -Contain own DNA, separate for nuclear DNA. - Inherited from mother. Chloroplasts Thylakoid – Traps energy from sunlight. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks call grana. Stroma is the fluid that surrounds the grana. Use chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O > > Sunlight >> C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Cytoskeleton -Network of protein filaments -Helps cell maintain its shape -Involved in many forms of cell movement. - Made microtubules and microfilaments.

13. Microtubules – hollow tunes of protein that serve as tracks for organelles to move along. -Made of protein, help maintain cell shape. Microfilaments – thin fibers that produce a tough flexible framework inside the cell. - Help cells move. Cell Wall - Found in plant, fungi, algae, & almost all prokaryotes. -Made of fibers of carbohydrates and proteins. - Most plant cell walls are made of cellulose. Cell Membrane -Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. - Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane. Centrioles - One of the two tine structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. - Help organize cell division - NOT found in plant cells. Phagocytosis – process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. Pinocytosis – Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment.

14. Exocytosis – Takes materials in within pockets. - Forms a vacuole in cytoplasm Endocytosis – Send materials out with an out-pocket - Get rid of bad stuff. Lipid bilayer – double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes. Equilibrium – When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution. Concentration – the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume Cytoplasm – the jellylike fluid that holds all the organelles inside the cell.

15. 1. Builds cells 2. Acts as a messenger in cell membranes 3. Defends against disease 4. Acts as an enzyme to speed up chemical reactions. Ex. Red and white blood cells -Main source of energy -Aids in cell structure -Ex. Glucose, galatcose, fructose, sucrose -Long term energy storage -Aids in cell structure building -Ex. Triglyceride, saturated fat, unsaturated fat DNA – contains all the instructions to make every protein needed to build YOU! RNA – copies and transfers instructions so proteins can be made. What is a function of a vesicle? Stores and transports materials.

17. Explain the process of diffusion in terms of the movement of molecules as well as the energy requirements. Explain the process of osmosis in terms of the movement of molecules as well as the energy requirements. Explain the process of facilitated diffusion in terms of the movement of molecules as well as the energy requirements. Explain the process of active transport in terms of the movement of molecules as well as the energy requirements.

18. What are the four macromolecules? Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids What is the function of Proteins? Give one example. What is the function of Carbohydrates? Give one example. What is the function of Lipids? Give one example. What is the function of Nucleic Acids? Give one example.