1. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Florian Rodler What do we know about the exo-planets? & How to detect direct signals from exo-planets?

2. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Introduction (1)201 confirmed planetary candidates + 14 confirmed planets found around solar-like stars and pulsars (in 175 planetary systems) -12

3. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? -RV: only minimum mass: M Planet_min = M Planet sini -microlensing: estimation of planetary mass → companion a brown dwarf ( M >13 M jup ) ? -transit + RV: i ≈ 90°. Exact mass determination possible: M Planet_min = M Planet. Introduction (1)201 confirmed planetary candidates + 14 confirmed planets found around solar-like stars and pulsars (in 175 planetary systems) -12

4. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Introduction (1)201 confirmed planetary candidates + 14 confirmed planets found around solar-like stars and pulsars (in 175 planetary systems) exact determination of mass needed!!! -transit + RV: i ≈ 90°. Exact mass determination possible: M Planet_min = M Planet. - astrometry ( → future) - transit + RV - direct imaging - reflected light (+RV) -12

5. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Introduction (2) Some do we know about these planets? - Planetary masses (mostly M planet_min ): 6 M Earth – 13 M Jupiter (most planets > 0.5 M Jupiter ) - very close to host star: 0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters) 0.5 AU Hot JupiterMercury -11

6. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Introduction (2) Some parameters of the planets found: - Planetary masses (mostly M planet_min ): 6 M Earth – 13 M Jupiter (most planets > 0.5 M Jupiter ) - very close to host star (0.03 – 6 AU) -11

7. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Introduction (2) Some do we know about those planets? - Planetary masses (mostly M planet_min ): 6 M Earth – 13 M Jupiter (most planets > 0.5 M Jupiter ) - very close to host star: 0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters) - planets are heated up: radii are large (transits!) -11

8. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Introduction (2) Some do we know about those planets? - Planetary masses (mostly M planet_min ): 6 M Earth – 13 M Jupiter (most planets > 0.5 M Jupiter ) - very close to host star: 0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters) - planets are heated up: radii are large (transits!) - planetary atmospheres (transits, direct imaging, reflected light) -11

9. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Introduction (2) Some do we know about those planets? - Planetary masses (mostly M planet_min ): 6 M Earth – 13 M Jupiter (most planets > 0.5 M Jupiter ) - very close to host star: 0.03 – 60 AU (most planets < 0.1 AU: hot Jupiters) - planets are heated up: radii are large (transits!) - planetary atmospheres (transits, direct imaging, reflected light) "Direct methods" -11

10. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? "Direct methods“... detecting a direct signal from the planet (a) transits (b) direct imaging (c) reflected light (d) other stuff... -10

11. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Transits Atmosphere of the planet around HD 209458 (Charbonneau … 2001) -9

12. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? TrES-1: thermal signature of atmosphere found (Charbonneau... 2005) Transits -8

13. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Direct imaging Planet 2M1207 (Chauvin... 2005) Star-planet flux ratio decreased - for young objects (self-lum.) - in the NIR Close-in planets can hardly be imaged (< 0.1“)! -7

14. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Burrows... 2003) wavelength (micron) Direct imaging Planet 2M1207 (Chauvin... 2005) Star-planet flux ratio decreased - for young objects (self-lum.) - in the NIR Close-in planets can hardly be imaged (< 0.1“)! Flux -7

15. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Reflected Light :: Motivation Jupiter – Sun flux ratio in the visual : 1/250 000 000 (seen from outer space) -6

16. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Reflected Light :: Motivation Jupiter – Sun flux ratio in the visual : 1/250 000 000 (seen from outer space) Hot Jupiters are 100x closer: 0.05 AU → planet-star flux ratio ≈ 1/25 000 for a Jupiter sized planet!? log distance from host star 0.05 0.5 5 [AU] hot Jupiters E J -6

17. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Reflected light High resolution, high S/N spectroscopy of star + planet in the visual ! → approx. 2300 stellar absorption lines + → these lines reflected by the planet, BUT - Doppler shifted due to orbital motion - faint (a few times 1/10000 ) → looking for the same pattern in the spectra: each stellar spectral line has its reflected counterpart... -5

18. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? -4 schematics...

19. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? 0.5 AU Hot JupiterMercury Requirements bright host stars (spectroscopy!) hot Jupiters (periods of 3-5 days) and lots of data (S/N)! Reflected light -3

20. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? What will we learn...... once we detect reflected light? orbital inclination (+RV) → exact planetary mass information about planetary atmosphere → input for theory! Reflected light -2

21. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Find planetary signature: chi 2 minimisation → calculate fits for K and contrast → best fit for planet → significance of detection: MC Reflected light

22. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? Conclusions on direct methods (a)transits atmospheres (VIS, IR), young and old radii moons!?  i ≈ 90° (b) direct imaging atmospheres (IR), young objects only  not close to star (c) reflected light atmospheres (VIS), old objects only very close to star  bright objects 0

23. 23 November 2015what do we know from the exo-planets? some stuff about Florian Rodler... Studies at Vienna observatory (1997 - ???), Austria PhD student at MPIA, supervised by Martin Kürster Topics of interest: beer & dancing atmospheres of exo planets, direct detections pulsating stars observing Hobbies: hiking travelling painting biking tours...