1. Detecting molecules in the atmospheres of transit Exoplanets Giovanna Tinetti University College London Mao-Chang Liang Academia Sinica, Taiwan

2. (Schneider) What’s the Nature of these planets? >280

3. Hot-Jupiters are Gas-Giant planets, orbiting VERY close to their parent star. They are probably tidally locked, i.e. one face is always illuminated and the other is in perpetual darkness. They easily reach Temperatures 1000-2000 K Hot Jupiter?

4. The chemistry of Hot-Jupiters C/O ratio = solar Photochemistry predicted with “ Kinetics ” (Liang et al., 2003,2004) Tinetti, Liang, et al., ApjL, 2007 CO & H 2 O

5. Following the planet during its orbit

6. Courtesy of S. Seager Transiting planets Transit [R p /R * ] 2 ~ 10 -2 –Transit radius Emission spectra T p /T * (R p /R * ) 2 ~10 -3 –Emitting atmosphere  ~2/3 –Temperature and  T Transmission spectra [atm/R * ] 2 ~10 -4 –Upper atmosphere –Exosphere (0.05-0.15) Reflection spectra p[R p /a] 2 ~10 -5 –Albedo, phase curve –Scattering atmosphere Before direct imaging

7. Spectral signature of a transiting planet Star flux Wavelength

8. ~ 1% Star flux Spectral signature of a transiting planet Wavelength ~ R p 2 /R s 2

9. ~0,01% ~ 1% Wavelength Star flux Spectral signature of a transiting planet ~Rp 2 /Rs 2 ~Anulus 2 /Rs 2

10. 4.5 hours on October 31, 2006 at 3.6 and 5.8 μm 33 hours on November 2, 8 μm SPITZER OBSERVATIONS

11. 5.8 8 3.6 Star flux At 3.6, 5.8 and 8  m, the planet shows different transit depths: something is absorbing in its atmosphere! IRAC observations in the IR, primary transit for HD 189733b ~ 0.08%

12. Tinetti et al., Nature, 448, 163, 2007 Water, T-P ~ 1200 K @ 1 bar, 700 K @  bar Water line list: BT2 Barber et al., 2006

13. Tinetti et al., Nature, 448, 163, 2007 T = 500 K T = 2000 K

14. Na K H 2 -H 2 H2OH2O Tinetti et al., Nature, 448, 163, 2007 Knutson et al., 2007 Winn et al., 2007 Beaulieu et al., 2007 Star spots/hazes?

15. There is something more…. Beaulieu et al., 2007 Knutson et al., 2007 Swain et al., 2007 Pont et al., 2007

16. Swain, Vasisht, Tinetti, Nature, 452, 2008 HST-NICMOS Primary transit

17. Swain, Vasisht, Tinetti, Nature, 452, 2008 HST-NICMOS Primary transit

18. Emission spectrum: the day side, water and CO Charbonneau et al., 2008; Barman, 2008 HD 189733b: water in absorption

19. Hot-Jupiters have become a very hot subject, theory and observations are boosting each-others For thermal structure and chemistry we have already made the leap to 3D There is a variety of hot-Jupiters, not only one prototype Primary & secondary transits, widest possible spectral coverage, spectroscopy and photometry, space & ground based telescopes: We want them all! Hot-Jupiters

23. Cavarroc, Cornia, Tinetti, Boccaletti, in preparation James Webb Space Telescope performances (MIRI) Planet @ 10, 20, 30 parsec G star

24. Radial velocity / Occultation Period = 3.524738 days Period = 3.524738 days Mass = 0.69 ±0.05 M Jupiter Radius = 1.35 ±0.04 R Jupiter Density = 0.35 ±0.05 g/cm 3 Density = 0.35 ±0.05 g/cm 3 HD 209458b

25. Primary Transit Star Flux Charbonneau et al., 2000

26. Secondary Transit Star+Planet Flux +

27. Beaulieu et al., ApJ, in press Knutson et al., Nature, 2007 Primary transit + IR + Spitzer

28. Emission spectra: thermal profiles Knutson et al., 2007; Burrows et al.,2007a,2007b HD 209458b: water in emission HD 189733b: water in absorption

30. Burrows et al.,ApJ, 2006 T(K) Log P (bar)