1. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Learning Terminology

2. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-2 Learning Outcomes Comprehend medical terminology history and how terms are developed Describe the process of pluralizing terms Describe the importance of pronunciation and spelling Illustrate the four word parts used to build medical terms Explain how to use medical terms in practice and forms

3. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-3 The Language Of Medicine Dates to the time when people had only spoken language and no written language Began to gain uniformity with the work of Hippocrates (460-337B.C.) “Father of Medicine”

4. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-4 Hippocrates

5. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-5 Timeline of Major Medical

6. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-6 Hippocratic Oath

7. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-7 Derivation Of Medical Terms The study of the origin of words is called etymology Many medical terms used today are based on Ancient Greek and Latin Word building became and remains the primary way to describe new medical discoveries

8. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-8 Derivation Of Medical Terms A suffix, -tomy, means “cutting”, may be used in modern procedures that we do not associate with “cutting” Example: phlebotomy = incision of a vein, but the basis concept still means “cutting”

9. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-9 Compound Words Most medical terms are Greek / Latin base words, some are from modern day concepts Simple concept - combining two words to create one word New meaning related to the two words

10. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-10 Compound Words Examples - “downtown” and “into” Separately, each has its own meaning Combined create new meaning Explain two concepts with one word

11. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-11 Medical Terminology Works the same way [as what? math?] Learn the word parts Combine two or more words together to convey multiple concepts into one word

12. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-12 Gynecology Gyn(e) = (women) -cology = (study of) = Study of women - Gynecology

13. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-13 Pluralizing Terms Most English plurals are formed by adding -s or -es to a word cancer = cancers Words of Greek / Latin origin use the regular plural of that language bursa = bursae

14. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-14 Pluralizing Terms Add s to words ending in any vowel or consonant except s, x, z, or y (ex. joint- joints) Add es to words ending in s, x, or z (ex. reflex - reflexes)

15. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-15 Pluralizing Rules Remove x and add `ces to Latin words ending in x (ex. appendix - appendices) Remove the `y and add `ies to words ending in `y preceded by a consonant (ex. vasectomy - vasectomies)

16. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-16 Pluralizing Rules When an ending `y is preceded by a vowel, the usual plural suffix is `s (ex. boy - boys) Add `e to Latin terms ending in a (ex. Fossa - fossae)

17. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-17 Pluralizing Rules Remove `us and add `i to Latin words ending in us (ex. Staphylococcus-Staphylococci Change `sis to `ses in Greek words ending in sis (ex. psychosis - psychoses)

18. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-18 Pluralizing Rules Remove `on from and add `a to Greek words ending in `on (ex. ganglion- ganglia) Remove `um from and add `a to Latin words ending in um (ex. datum-data)

19. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-19 Spelling / Pronunciation Misspelling and mispronunciation can be life- threatening in a medical setting Wrong abbreviations can have serious consequences Check and recheck verbal instructions

20. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-20 Spelling / Pronunciation Familiarity with correct spelling = seeing the terms used over and over Pronounce words aloud Use resources when needed; medical dictionary Learn basic Spanish terms since this is the second most common U.S. language

21. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-21 Eponyms Medical terms formed from names Do not use apostrophe followed by an s Incorrect: Parkinson’s disease Correct: Parkinson disease

22. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-22 Help Pronouncing Capitalize the syllable with the heaviest accent Example: the word femoral is pronounced FEM-or-al (1st syllable accented) Use “diacritical marks” with vowels to express long or short usage

23. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-23 Forming Medical Terms Medical Term Prefix Word root Suffix Combining forms

24. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-24 Forming Medical Terms Medical terms are formed from two or more word parts. Word root The main part of a word which contains the basic meaning.

25. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-25 Forming Medical Terms Medical terms are formed from two or more word parts. Combining forms Word root and combining vowel that connects or links the two parts.

26. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-26 Forming Medical Terms Medical terms are formed from two or more word parts. Prefix Word parts attached to the beginning of a word that modifies the meaning.

27. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-27 Forming Medical Terms Medical terms are formed from two or more word parts. Suffix Word parts attached to the end of a word that modifies the meaning.

28. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-28 Abbreviations a - before a.c. - before meals ASA - aspirin AMA - against medical advice AMI - acute myocardial infarction b.i.d. - Twice a day BP - blood pressure c/o - complaining of Ca - cancer / carcinoma cc - cubic centimeter

29. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-29 Abbreviations CC - Chief Complaint CHF - Congestive heart failure COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema, chronic bronchitis) CXR - Chest X-ray d/c - discontinue DOB - date of birth Dx - diagnosis ECG, EKG - electrocardiogram Fx - fracture GI - gastrointestinal

30. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-30 Abbreviations HEENT - head, ears, eyes, nose, throat h/o - history of Hs - at bedtime HTN - Hypertension Hx - History IM - Intramuscular LAC - Laceration LOC - Level of consciousness mcg - micrograms

31. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-31 Abbreviations NKDA - No known drug allergies npo - Nothing by mouth PCN - Penicillin Po - By mouth PRN - As needed q.h. - Every hour q.i.d. - four times a day Rx / Tx - Treatment

32. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-32 Abbreviations Abbreviation: Meaning: SOB shortness of breath T.i.d. three times a day w/o or swithout WNL within normal limits

33. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-33 SNOMED Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine ICD International Classification of Diseases

34. McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-34 Chapter Review Comprehend medical terminology history and how terms are developed Describe the process of pluralizing terms Describe the importance of pronunciation and spelling Illustrate the four word parts used to build medical terms Explain how to use medical terms in practice and forms