1. Marx and Darwin Revolution and Evolution

2. Agency and Determinism 18 th Century reason progress = history of rational actors 19 th Century irrational / natural forces progress = expression of determinants Power and morality

3. I. The Socialist Critique From communes to Communism Arise, wretched of the earth Arise, convicts of hunger Reason thunders in its volcano This is the eruption of the end Of the past let us wipe the slate clean Masses, slaves, arise, arise The world is about to change its foundation We are nothing, let us be all - the Internationale

4. A. Damn Liberals! 1.Challenge to laissez-faire ethic - Haunted by Revolution(s) 2.Twin goals - political democracy (middle class) - economic justice (working class) 3.Fear / self-preservation - slaves to the IR

5. B. Utilitarian 1.Rejection of Natural Rights - rights conflict - Principle of Utility Jeremy Bentham 1.Rejection of Natural Rights - rights conflict - Principle of Utility Jeremy Bentham 2.Pursue economic needs of majority - communal good v. private good

6. C. Utopian 1.Isn’t it Romantic? - rationalism = equality - free individual for creative talents 2.Collective abundance - Henri de Saint-Simone: “specialists” v. “capitalists” - Charles Fourier: “phalansteries” Cooperation instead of competition

7. 3. Theory to action - Robert Owen 4. Limits of Utopianism - motivation - animosity of capitalists - elites Control of the mode of production?

8. D. The Road to Revolution 1. Reject Utopian Socialism - fear of self-interest - burden of “False Consciousness” 2. The Communist Manifesto 1848 - history / society governed by scientific laws - mode of production = power (materialism) Friedrich Engels Scientific Socialism

9. 3. Dialectical Materialism - “History…is the history of class struggle” - “History…is the history of class struggle” - industrial capitalism is creating its own antithesis - rise of the Bourgeoisie - industrial capitalism is creating its own antithesis - rise of the Bourgeoisie G.F. Hegel G.F. Hegel 4.Marx the Prophet - judgment day worker’s paradise “from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs” - trained revolutionaries to read the signs - class consciousness defeats nationalism - material culture → human nature

10. II. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea The transposition of the Victorian mind The transposition of the Victorian mind “There is grandeur in this view of life” - Charles Darwin

11. A. This Old Earth 1. Science and exploration - Alex. Von Humboldt; Charles Lyell - ecology / geology “historical” - Transmutation of Species HMS Beagle

12. B. Reluctant Revolutionary 1. The “Dismal Science” - Galapagos journey 1835 - un-Romantic; deterministic; conflict - Alfred Russell Wallace 2. On the Origin of the Species 1859 - Natural Selection - “place” / “niche” - “divergence”

13. C. The Upshot 1. The Descent of Man 1871 - cosmological revolution 2. Social Darwinism - Herbert Spencer Racism/ Anti-Semitism Class exploitation / Imperialism Ecological Awareness