1. OVERALL SUMMARY DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS, LOCAL GOVERNANCE LOCAL AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT Jean Bossuyt Workshop 13-17 April 2015, Brussels

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3. WHY THIS INTEREST ? The rediscovery of the local level Decentralisation –however imperfect- is a reality Local Authorities have emerged –as political entities representing local constituencies How to empower Local Authorities ? How to make decentralisation “local development friendly”? How to integrate local dimension/local authorities in EU cooperation? Page 3

4. NGO PVO CBO Power transfers Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority Individual or Corporation GOVERNMENT Public-Private Spectrum Donors Big NGOs Central Government Ministries Health Environment Education Private Public PRIVATIZATION Non market Privatisation Hybrids? DECONCENTRATION Local Population Accountability Decentralization ELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENTS DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION LAs: A key actor in the local arena that is not like the others…

5. “COPRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE” Page 5

6. WHAT DID WE CO-PRODUCE? Page 6

7. FIRST A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHANGING ARENA OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT AND DECENTRALISATION Page 7

8. (1) IT IS ALL ABOUT POLITICS Page 8

9. Decentralization : Two Agendas

10. Many decentralization reforms don’t promote Local/Territorial Development because they were neither initiated nor designed to do that Decentralization and Local/Territorial Development

11. (2) THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN DECENTRALISATION AND DEVELOPMENT Empowerment of people through the empowerment of their local government Page 11

12. 3) EMPOWERING LOCAL AUTHORITIES LAs have a dual mandate –including a “general mandate” as political representative of citizens AUTONOMY AND ACCOUNTABILITY Page 12

13. Classic doctrine: ‘resources follow functions’!! The road to change is to directly inject resources into the budget of local authorities in order to allow them to learn by doing and gradually develop their capacity Proposed approach: capacities will be the result of the action and not a precondition for receiving funds

14. Civil Society (Community Groups, citizens…) Local Authorities Experimentation with new forms of interactions between LAs and Civil Society and strategic alliances with local community and private sector organizations LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ……..that engage in the local political process and demand transparent and accountable management of local public resources …….. with RESSOURCES, POWERS, and AUTONOMY to respond to citizens demands LOCAL DEMOCRACY The EC Communication "Empowering LAs for better governance and development outcomes"

15. MISSING LINK DECENTRALISATION - DEMOCRATISATION INSERT TWO SLIDES FROM JESSE Page 15

16. Policy Model of REPRESENTATION Preferences Signals Mandates PoliciesOutcomes Responsiveness (by Authorities) Accountability (by Population) Sanctions = Responsiveness &/or Accountability  Actors + Powers + Accountability = Substantive Democracy

17. Actors, Powers, Accountabilities Actors/Authorities – who do you ‘choose’ to partner with? Powers – which powers do you need in the local arena –For Responsiveness –For Citizenship –Subsidiarity? Accountabilities – which accountability mechanisms matter?

18. Retailers Urban wholesalers Merchants/Patrons Migrant Woodcutters Forest Villages FONT-SCALED PROFIT DISTRIBUTION in MARKET 2500 100 160 11,000 MANY 7% 22% 54% 16% 3%

19. Central Government Ministries: -Health -Environment -Education…. Elected Local Government Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority NGO PVO CBO Donors Big NGOs Individual or Corporation Democratic Decentralization Deconcentration Privatization Non-market Privatization Participation ? Local Populations ?? Power Transfer Accountability Contracts, Delegations Transfers, Accountabilities Define Institutions

20. 20 Missing link with the TERRITORIES

21. 4) TERRITORIAL PERSPECTIVE Allocative efficiency AND mobilising additional resources (“instrumental” view on decentralisation) LOCAL = Not where but who and how Territorial perspective (endogenous, incremental + multiscalar and spatially planned Page 21

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23. Page 23 What is needed in territorial development? InstitutionsStrategy

24. Page 24 What do we often have? 1 2 3

25. 5) NEED TO BUILD VISION - STRATEGY AND AN EFFECTIVE INTERGOVERNMENTAL “SYSTEM” LOCAL GOVERNMENT IS NOT A ‘FREE ELECTRON” Page 25

26. Health Tele- communications Cooperation Environment Infrastructure Education FEDERATE? LGs LINE MINISTRIES LG

27. NGO PVO CBO Power transfers Administrative Local Authority Customary Authority Individual or Corporation GOVERNMENT Public-Private Spectrum Donors Big NGOs Central Government Ministries Health Environment Education Private Public PRIVATIZATION Non market Privatisation Hybrids? DECONCENTRATION Local Population Accountability Decentralization ELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENTS DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION LAs: A new actor in the local arena that is not like the others!!

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29. SECOND THING WE CO-PRODUCED STOCKTAKING OF WHAT WE ALREADY DO… Page 29

30. A LOT OF GOOD STUFF IS HAPPENING.

31. A LOT OF GOOD STUFF IS HAPPENING DELIVERING DEVELOPMENT AT LOCAL LEVEL WHILE BUILDING SYSTEMS SEARCH FOR ADEQUATE ROLES FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES INROADS INTO ‘TERRITORIAL APPROACH” TO LOCAL (ECONOMIC) DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENTS IN CONTEXT ANALYSIS / PEA / TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS CREATIVE USE INSTRUMENTS CHANGING ROLES (= ARTISTS) Page 31

32. BUT THERE ARE ALSO MAJOR CHALLENGES 1)KNOWLEDGE 1)QUALITY TIME TO ENGAGE IN PROCESS 1)OUR INSTRUMENTS HAVE LIMITATIONS TO SUPPORT LONG- TERM INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE PROCESSES 2)HOW DO I EXPLAIN THIS TO MY BOSSES? 3)POLITICAL SUPPORT Page 32

33. THE THIRD THING WE CO-PRODUCED : POINTERS FOR THE FUTURE TO PROMOTE LD/TD (ADDITIONAL) TO EMPOWER LA AS LYNCHPIN TO ENSURE DEC REFORMS ARE FRIENDLY Page 33

34. MESSAGE 1 NOW YOU HAVE A CHOICE AT LOCAL LEVEL TO ENGAGE WITH INSTITUTIONS THAT CAN PRODUCE LOCAL PUBLIC POLICIES AND PROVIDE DOWNWARD ACCOUNTABILITY  IGNORING LOCAL AUTHORITIES CAN BE DAMAGING Page 34

35. Yet even in hostile environments there are opportunities to support local dynamics

36. MESSAGE 2 FIRST THINGS FIRST …… DETERMINE WHAT YOU WANT TO ACHIEVE ! Page 36

37. TALD-supporting Program Framework : where to focus ?

38. MESSAGE 3 SELECT RELEVANT “ENTRY POINTS” FOR ACTION - USING VARIOUS ANALYTICAL TOOLS BUT KEEP THE OVERALL PICTURE INTO YOUR MIND FROM THE OUTSET  USE CONCEPTUAL “FRAMES” AS “NAVIGATION TOOL” Page 38

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40. Communities CSO Business People Funding Local government State resources Non-state resources Adapted from the Institute for Government. “The Big Society: A framework for policymakers”. April 2011. UK TALD: Leverage and mobilisation of local resources – an incremental effect People outside the public sector Citizens helping themselves Volunteers People working in charities, private organisations New sources of funding Private philanthropy Corporate social responsibility Community contributions New assets Making use of non-public assets (e.g., church halls, local materials, communal property) Handing public assets over to communities, charities, private groups Local governments also have the power to: Regulate, review, amend, negate or enforce Raise taxes Assets

41. MESSAGE 4 CHANGING ROLES THINK AND ACT POLITICALLY EXPLOIT WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITIES CREATIVE USE INSTRUMENTS BE A BROKER AND AN “ARTIST” Page 41

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43. Formulation : Accepting that log-frames are not cast in stone!!! ① Less emphasis on the “perfect design” from the beginning and more on learning from implementation; ① Avoid too many details at formulation stage (it can create a Procrustean bed!);

44. MESSAGE 5 BUILD ALLIANCES TO PUSH FORWARD : LOCAL/TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACH A DEVELOPMENTAL FRIENDLY DECENTRALISATION PROCESS INTEGRATING LOCAL LEVEL DYNAMICS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN ALL RELEVANT AREAS OF COOPERATION PROCESSES MAKE EFFECTIVE USE OF STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS Page 44

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