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Dynamical Modeling of Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

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1 Dynamical Modeling of Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
Tetsufumi Hirano hirano_at_phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Collaborators: M.Gyulassy, Y.Nara, U.Heinz, D.Kharzeev, R.Lacey, T.Gunji, H.Hamagaki, T.Hatsuda, M.Isse, A.Ohnishi, K.Yoshino, R.Mizukawa, N.Akamatsu Oct.19-20, 2007

2 Outline Introduction Dynamical modeling of heavy ion collisions Bulk
Hard/rare probes and interplay btw. soft and hard Summary and Outlook

3 Phase Diagram of QCD Understanding of phase diagram and EOS is one
of the main topics in modern nuclear physics. Taken from

4 Constraint of EOS from Observation of Compact Stars
Model EOS : Pressure as a function of mass-energy density Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov eq. (Hydrostatic equilibrium) Observation of compact star mass Mass-Radius relation Lattimer, Prakash(’06) Taken from Taken from Lattimer, Prakash(’06) TOV eq. plays an important role in understanding of EOS

5 Phase Diagram of QCD Taken from

6 Constraint of Cosmological Parameters from CMB
“Best” cosmological parameters C.L.Bennett et al.,Ap.J.Suppl(’03) Observation COBE, WMAP,… CMB tools: CMBFAST, CAMB, … Taken from Analysis codes play a major role in precision physics.

7 Phase Diagram of QCD Taken from

8 “Mind The Gap” Complexity Non-linear interactions of gluons
The first principle (QuantumChromo Dynamics) Inputs to phenomenology (lattice QCD) Complexity Non-linear interactions of gluons Strong coupling Dynamical many body system Color confinement Phenomenology (hydrodynamics) ex.)QCDOC Experimental data @ Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ~150 papers from 4 collaborations since 2000

9 Lessons from Other Fields
phenomenology people experimental people lattice people Necessity of collaborative activity in more extended community Necessity of analysis tool(s) in R.H.I.C. physics Toward establishment of the “observational QGP physics”

10 Dynamical Modeling Based on 3D Ideal Hydrodynamics

11 Current Status of Dynamical Modeling in H.I.C.
T.Hirano and Y.Nara(’02-) Current Status of Dynamical Modeling in H.I.C. Geometric Scaling CGC “DGLAP region” Before collisions Transverse momentum Shattering CGC (N)LOpQCD production equilibrium Parton Pre- fluctuation Instability? Equilibration? Interaction Parton energy loss Inelastic Elastic QGP or GP “Perfect” fluid Hydrodynamics viscosity non chem. eq. Recombination Coalescence Dissipative hadron gas Hadronic cascade Fragmentation Proper time Low pT Intermediate pT High pT

12 BULK 3D Hydro 3D Hydro+Cascade CGC initial conditions

13 Full 3D Hydro+Cascade Model
t Hadron gas via hadronic cascade model QGP fluids via ideal hydrodynamics z Glauber/ Color Glass Condensate

14 Centrality Dependence of v2
TH et al. (’06). Centrality Dependence of v2 Discovery of “large” v2 at RHIC v2 data are comparable with hydro results for the first time. Hadronic cascade models cannot reproduce data. This is the first time for ideal hydro at work in H.I.C.  Strong motivation to develop hydro-based tools. AuAu200 Result from a hadronic cascade (JAM) (Courtesy of M.Isse)

15 Pseudorapidity Dependence of v2
TH(’02); TH and K.Tsuda(’02); TH et al. (’06). Pseudorapidity Dependence of v2 AuAu200 v2 data are comparable with 3D hydro results again around h=0 Not a QGP gas  sQGP Nevertheless, large discrepancy in forward/backward rapidity  See next slides QGP+hadron QGP only

16 Importance of Hadronic “Corona”
AuAu200 Boltzmann Eq. for hadrons instead of hydrodynamics Including viscosity through finite mean free path QGP fluid+hadron gas QGP+hadron fluids QGP only Perfect fluid QGP core + Dissipative hadronic corona T.Hirano et al.,Phys.Lett.B636(2006)299. T.Hirano and M.Gyulassy,Nucl.Phys.A769 (2006)71.

17 Highlights from a QGP Hydro + Hadronic Cascade Model
AuAu200 Adapted from S.J.Sanders QM2006 b=7.2fm 0-50% Works quite well!

18 Origin of Mass Ordering
TH et al. (in preparation). Origin of Mass Ordering b=7.2fm b=7.2fm Mass ordering behavior comes from hadronic rescattering.  Not a direct signal of “perfect fluid QGP”  Interplay btw. QGP fluid and hadron gas

19 Sensitivity to Initial Conditions
Novel initial conditions from “Color Glass Condensate” lead to large eccentricity. Hirano and Nara(’04), Hirano et al.(’06) Kuhlman et al.(’06), Drescher et al.(’06) Need viscosity/soft EOS in QGP!

20 Excitation Function of v2
Hadronic Dissipation is huge at SPS. still affects v2 at RHIC. is almost negligible at LHC.

21 HARD/RARE PROBES Hydro+Jet model Hydro+J/Y model Interplay btw. soft and hard Jet-fluid string formation

22 Utilization of Hydro Results
Jet quenching J/psi suppression charm diffusion Thermal radiation (photon/dilepton) Recombination Coalescence Meson c J/psi c Baryon c bar Information along a path Information on surface Information inside medium

23 Jet Propagation through a QGP Fluid
hydro+jet model Color: parton density Plot: mini-jets T.Hirano and Y.Nara (’02-) Full 3D ideal hydrodynamics + PYTHIA Parton distribution fn. pQCD 22 processes Fragmentation Gyulassy-Levai-Vitev formula Inelastic energy loss y Au+Au 200AGeV, b=8 fm transverse Fragmentation switched off x

24 pT Distribution from Hydro+Jet Model
Soft + Quenched Hard picture works reasonably well Re/Co components may be needed for a better description Note: Hadronic cascade is switched off in the bulk T.Hirano and Y.Nara, Phys.Rev.C69,034908(2004).

25 Back-To-Back Correlation
Not only energy loss but also deflection are found to be important. T.Hirano and Y.Nara, Phys.Rev.Lett.91,082301(2003).

26 Onset of J/Y Melting in a QGP Fluid
Gunji, Hamagaki, Hatsuda, Hirano, PRC (in press) Onset of J/Y Melting in a QGP Fluid Hydro+J/Y model J/psi Suppression factor of J/Y c c bar J/Y is assumed to melt away above TJ/y ~ 2Tc Local temperature from full 3D hydro simulations

27 Heavy Quark Diffusion in a QGP Fluid
c c-bar c-bar c v2 is sensitive to relaxation time for heavy quarks in QGP. Toward comprehensive understanding of transport properties of QGP Talk by Akamatsu at KPS meeting yesterday Akamatsu, Hatsuda, Hirano (work in progress)

28 Hadronization through Jet-Fluid String Formation
Space-time evolution of the QGP fluid  Open data table String Fragmentation  PYTHIA (Lund) Energy loss  GLV 1st order Hirano, Isse, Nara, Ohnishi, Yoshino, Mizukawa, nucl-th/ ; (work in progress)

29 Summary & Outlook Development of an analysis code in H.I.C.
QGP fluid + hadronic gas picture works well Sensitivity to initial conditions in hydro EOS dependence (not discussed in this talk) Application of hydro results Single- and di-hadron distributions at high pT J/Y suppression Jet-Fluid String formation (EM probes) Toward an open and standard tool in H.I.C. (like PYTHIA, CMBFAST, …)

30 Current Status of Dynamical Modeling in H.I.C.
T.Hirano and Y.Nara(’02-) Current Status of Dynamical Modeling in H.I.C. Geometric Scaling CGC “DGLAP region” Before collisions Transverse momentum Shattering CGC (N)LOpQCD production equilibrium Parton Pre- fluctuation Instability? Equilibration? Interaction Parton energy loss Inelastic Elastic QGP or GP “Perfect” fluid Hydrodynamics viscosity non chem. eq. Recombination Coalescence Dissipative hadron gas Hadronic cascade Fragmentation Proper time Low pT Intermediate pT High pT

31 Thanks!

32 Dynamics of Heavy Ion Collisions
Freezeout “Re-confinement” Expansion, cooling Thermalization First contact (two bunches of gluons) Temperature scale 100MeV~1012K Time scale 10fm/c~10-23sec

33 Hadron Gas Instead of Hadron Fluid
T.Hirano and M.Gyulassy,Nucl.Phys.A769 (2006)71. Hadron Gas Instead of Hadron Fluid “Reynolds number” A QGP fluid surrounded by hadronic gas Matter proper part: (shear viscosity) (entropy density) QGP core big in Hadron small in QGP QGP: Liquid (hydro picture) Hadron: Gas (particle picture)

34 A Probable Scenario h : shear viscosity, s : entropy density !
TH and Gyulassy (’06) A Probable Scenario h : shear viscosity, s : entropy density Kovtun,Son,Starinets(’05) Absolute value of viscosity Its ratio to entropy density ! QGP fluid at work!  Rapid increase of entropy density?!  Deconfinement Signal?!

35 OK! v2(pT) for pi, K, and p Due to fluctuation of geometry
TH et al. (in preparation).

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