2. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics
Section 1: DNA: The Genetic Material
Section 2: Replication of DNA
Section 3: DNA, RNA, and Protein
Section 4: Gene Regulation and Mutation

3. Answer each question below in your science notebook.
BELLRINGER!!!
Answer each question below in your science notebook.
What questions do you think explorers asked when they
first saw the Great Sphinx?
2. If you were to study the Great Sphinx, what do you think
you could learn about the people who built it?
3. What questions do you think scientists asked when they
began to understand the genetic basis of life?

4. Answers will vary. Students
might suggest that explorers
wanted to know who built the
Sphinx, why, and how.
2. Answers will vary. Students
might suggest that they could
learn about the technological
capabilities, culture, or
beliefs of the people involved.
3. Answers will vary. Students
might suggest that, among
other things, scientists
wanted to know how genetic
information was replicated
and transported to new cells.

5. How do we know how to build things?

6. DNA: The Genetic Material (Section 12.1)
MAIN IDEA: The discovery that DNA is the
genetic code involved many experiments.

7. DNA: The Genetic Material (Section 12.1)
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
DNA: The Genetic Material (Section 12.1)
Objectives:
Summarize the experiments leading to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material.
Diagram and label the basic structure of DNA.
Describe the basic structure of the eukaryotic chromosome.

8. Review Vocabulary nucleic acid – complex biomolecule that stores
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Review Vocabulary
nucleic acid – complex biomolecule that stores
cellular information in the form of a code
protein – organic compound made of amino
acids joined by peptide bonds; primary building
block of organisms
macromolecule – large molecule formed by
joining smaller organic molecules together

9. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
New Vocabulary
double helix
nucleosome

10. DNA: The Genetic Material (Section 12.1)
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
DNA: The Genetic Material (Section 12.1)
Scientists knew that
genetic information was
carried on the
chromosome in
eukaryotic cells, and
that the two main
components of
chromosomes are DNA
and protein.

12. THE BLUEPRINT: DNA or proteins?
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
THE BLUEPRINT: DNA or proteins?
The race to find the genetic material was split into two groups: those who thought the genetic material was protein and those who thought the genetic material was DNA.

13. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Griffith
Performed the first major experiment that led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material.

14. Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Avery
Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain
Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released.
R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells.

15. Used radioactive labeling (via viruses) to trace the DNA and protein.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Hershey and Chase
Used radioactive labeling (via viruses) to trace the DNA and protein.
Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses

16. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
DNA Structure
Nucleotides
consist of a five-carbon
1) sugar, a 2) phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous
3) base

17. Chargaff’s rule: C = G and A = T
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Chargaff
Chargaff’s rule: C = G and A = T

18. The Pieces of the Puzzle
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
The Pieces of the Puzzle
Franklin’s Discovery Chemist Rosalind Franklin was able to make images of DNA molecules by using X-ray diffraction.

19. DNA = “double helix” or “twisted ladder”

20. Built a model of the double helix that conformed to the others’
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Watson and Crick
Built a model of the double helix
that conformed to the others’
research
two outside strands consist of alternating
deoxyribose and phosphate
cytosine and guanine bases pair to each
other by three hydrogen bonds
thymine and adenine bases pair to each
other by two hydrogen bonds

21. DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
DNA Structure
DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder.
Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate.
The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.

22. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics

23. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Orientation
On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′.
The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.

24. Alabama Science in Motion Lab
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Alabama Science in Motion Lab
“DNA Model Kit”

25. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Chromosome Structure
DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes, which coil to form chromatin fibers.
The chromatin fibers supercoil to form chromosomes that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.

26. Chromosome Structure
In prokaryotes, the DNA molecule is contained in the cytoplasm and consists mainly of a ring of DNA and associated proteins.
Eukaryotic DNA is organized into individual chromosomes.
If a DNA strand 140 million nucleotides long was laid out in a straight line, it would be about five
centimeters long.

27. Section 12.1 Summary
Griffith’s bacterial experiment and Avery’s explanation first indicated that DNA is genetic material.
The Hershey-Chase experiment provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material of viruses.
Chargaff’s rule states that, in DNA, the amount of cytosine equals the amount of guanine and the amount of thymine equals the amount of adenine.
The work of Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins provided evidence of the double-helix structure of DNA.

28. Replication of DNA MAIN IDEA: DNA replicates by making a
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Replication of DNA
MAIN IDEA: DNA replicates by making a
strand that is complementary to each original
strand.

29. Replication of DNA (Section 12.2)
Objectives
Summarize the role of the enzymes involved in the replication of DNA.
Explain how leading and lagging strands are synthesized differently.

30. Review Vocabulary template – a molecule of DNA that is a
pattern for synthesis for a new DNA molecule

31. semiconservative replication
New Vocabulary
semiconservative replication
DNA polymerase
Okazaki fragment

32. Semiconservative Replication
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Replication of DNA
Semiconservative Replication
Parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and
one strand of new DNA.

33. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Replication of DNA
Unwinding
DNA helicase, an enzyme, is responsible for unwinding and unzipping the double helix.
RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand.

34. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Replication of DNA
Base pairing
DNA polymerase continues adding appropriate nucleotides to the chain by adding to the 3′ end of the new DNA strand.

35. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics

36. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Replication of DNA
One strand is called the leading strand and is elongated as the DNA unwinds.
The other strand of DNA, called the lagging strand, elongates away from the replication fork.
The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously into small segments, called Okazaki fragments.

37. DNA ligase links the two sections.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Replication of DNA
Joining
DNA polymerase removes the RNA primer and fills in the place with DNA nucleotides.
DNA ligase links the two sections.

38. Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Replication of DNA
Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic DNA unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated.
In prokaryotes, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication.
Prokaryotes DNA typically is shorter than eukaryotic DNA and remains in the cytoplasm.

39. Section 12.2 Summary
The enzymes DNA helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase are involved in DNA replication.
The leading strand is synthesized continuously, but the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously, forming Okazaki fragments.
Prokaryotic DNA opens at a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic DNA has multiple areas of replication.

40. DNA, RNA, and Protein (Section 12.3)
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
DNA, RNA, and Protein (Section 12.3)
MAIN IDEA: DNA codes for RNA, which guides
protein synthesis.

41. DNA, RNA, and Protein (Section 12.3)
Objectives:
Explain how messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA are involved in the transcription and translation of genes.
Summarize the role of RNA polymerase in the
synthesis of messenger RNA.
Describe how the code of DNA is translated into messenger RNA and is utilized to synthesize a
particular protein.

42. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Review Vocabulary
synthesis – the composition or combination of parts to form a whole. (Glencoe)
synthesis – the uniting or building up of substances into a compound. (Webster’s)

43. New Vocabulary RNA messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
New Vocabulary
RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
transcription
RNA polymerase
codon
intron
exon
translation

44. dogma – something held as an established opinion; a point of view
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
Central Dogma
(reading and expressing genes = DNA > RNA > protein)
“DNA codes for RNA which guides the synthesis of proteins.”
RNA
Contains the sugar ribose and the base uracil
Usually is single stranded
dogma – something held as an established opinion; a point of view

45. Associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome

46. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein

47. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics

48. DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
Transcription
Through transcription, the DNA code is transferred to mRNA in the nucleus.
DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA
polymerase binds to a specific section where an
mRNA will be synthesized.

49. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics

50. Intervening sequences are called introns.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
RNA Processing
The code on the DNA is interrupted periodically by sequences that are not in the final mRNA.
Intervening sequences are called introns.
Remaining pieces of DNA that serve as the coding sequences are called exons.
DNA and Genes

51. The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
The Code
Experiments during the 1960s demonstrated that the DNA code was a three-base code.
The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon.

52. Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
Translation
In translation, tRNA molecules act as the interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence.
At the middle of the folded strand, there is a three-base coding sequence called the anticodon.
Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA.

53. 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics
Visualizing Transcription
and Translation

54. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
One Gene—One Enzyme
The Beadle and Tatum experiment showed that one gene codes for one enzyme. We now know that one gene codes for one polypeptide.

55. Section 12.3 Summary
Three major types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
The synthesis of the mRNA from the template DNA is called transcription.
Translation is the process through which the mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled.
In eukaryotes, the mRNA contains introns that are excised before leaving the nucleus. A cap and poly-A tail also are added to the mRNA.

56. Gene Regulation and Mutation (Section 12.4)
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Gene Regulation and Mutation (Section 12.4)
MAIN IDEA: Gene expression is regulated by
the cell, and mutations can affect this
expression.

57. Gene Regulation and Mutation (Section 12.4)
Objectives
Describe how bacteria are able to regulate their genes by two types operons.
Discuss how eukaryotes regulate transcription of gene.
Summarize the various types of mutations.

58. Review Vocabulary prokaryote – organism that does not have
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Review Vocabulary
prokaryote – organism that does not have
membrane-bound organelles and (2) DNA
that is organized in chromosomes
eukaryotic – unicellular organism with
membrane bound organelles; generally larger
and more complex than a prokaryotic cell.

59. New Vocabulary gene regulation operon mutation mutagen Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
New Vocabulary
gene regulation
operon
mutation
mutagen

60. Prokaryote Gene Regulation
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Prokaryote Gene Regulation
Ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
An operon is a section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway.
Operator
Promoter
Regulatory gene
Genes coding for proteins

61. The Trp Operon 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
The Trp Operon

62. The Lac Operon 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
The Lac Operon
Lac-Trp Operon

63. Eukaryote Gene Regulation
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Eukaryote Gene Regulation
Controlling transcription
Transcription factors ensure that a gene is used at the right time and that proteins are made in the right amounts
The complex structure of eukaryotic DNA also regulates transcription.

64. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Hox Genes
Hox genes are responsible for the general body pattern of most animals.

65. RNA interference can stop the mRNA from translating its message.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
RNA Interference
RNA interference can stop the mRNA from translating its message.

66. A permanent change that occurs in a cell’s DNA is called a mutation.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Mutations
A permanent change that occurs in a cell’s DNA is called a mutation.
Types of mutations
Point mutation
Insertion
Deletion

67. 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation

68. Protein Folding and Stability
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Protein Folding and Stability
Substitutions also can lead to genetic disorders.
Can change both the folding and stability of the protein

69. Can occur spontaneously
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Causes of Mutation
Can occur spontaneously
Chemicals and radiation also can damage DNA.
High-energy forms of radiation, such as X rays and gamma rays, are highly mutagenic.

70. Body-cell v. Sex-cell Mutation
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation
Body-cell v. Sex-cell Mutation
Somatic cell mutations are not passed on to the next generation.
Mutations that occur in sex cells (germ-line cells) are passed on to the organism’s offspring and will be present in every cell of the offspring.

71. Section 12.4 Summary
Prokaryotic cells regulate their protein synthesis through a set of genes called operons.
Eukaryotic cells regulate their protein synthesis using various transcription factors, eukaryotic nucleosome structures, and RNA interference.
Mutations range from point mutations to the
deletion or movement of large sections of the
chromosome.
Mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, can cause mutations.

72. Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
Animation
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

73. Which scientist(s) definitively proved
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which scientist(s) definitively proved
that DNA transfers genetic material?
Watson and Crick
Mendel
Hershey and Chase
Avery

74. Name the small segments of the lagging DNA strand.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Name the small segments of the lagging
DNA strand.
ligase
Okazaki fragments
polymerase
helicase

75. It contains the sugar ribose. It contains the base uracil.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is not true of RNA?
It contains the sugar ribose.
It contains the base uracil.
It is single-stranded.
It contains a phosphate.

76. The experiments of Avery, Hershey and
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 Formative Questions
The experiments of Avery, Hershey and
Chase provided evidence that the carrier
of genetic information is _______.
carbohydrate
DNA
lipid
protein

77. What is the base-pairing rule for purines
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 Formative Questions
What is the base-pairing rule for purines
and pyrimidines in the DNA molecule?
A—G and C—T
A—T and C—G
C—A and G—T
C—U and A—G

78. What are chromosomes composed of?
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 Formative Questions
What are chromosomes composed of?
chromatin and histones
DNA and protein
DNA and lipids
protein and centromeres

79. The work of Watson and Crick solved the mystery of how DNA works as a
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Formative Questions
True or False
The work of Watson and Crick solved
the mystery of how DNA works as a
genetic code.

80. Which is not an enzyme involved in DNA replication?
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Formative Questions
Which is not an enzyme involved in DNA
replication?
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
hilicase
RNA primer

81. During DNA replication, what nucleotide
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.2 Formative Questions
During DNA replication, what nucleotide
base sequence is synthesized along an
original strand that has the sequence
TCAAGC?
AGTTCG
ATGGCG
CTGGAT
GACCTA

82. Which shows the basic chain of events
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 Formative Questions
Which shows the basic chain of events
in all organisms for reading and expressing
genes?
DNA RNA protein
RNA DNA protein
mRNA rRNA tRNA
RNA processing transcription
translation

83. In the RNA molecule, uracil replaces _______.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 Formative Questions
In the RNA molecule, uracil replaces
_______.
adenine
cytosine
purine
thymine

84. Which diagram shows messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 Formative Questions
Which diagram shows messenger
RNA (mRNA)? A. C. B. D.

85. What characteristic of the mRNA molecule
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 Formative Questions
What characteristic of the mRNA molecule
do scientists not yet understand?

86. intervening sequences in the mRNA molecule
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.3 Formative Questions
intervening sequences in the mRNA molecule
called introns
the original mRNA made in the nucleus called
the pre-mRNA
how the sequence of bases in the mRNA
molecule codes for amino acids
the function of many adenine nucleotides
at the 5′ end called the poly-A tail

87. Why do eukaryotic cells need a complex
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Formative Questions
Why do eukaryotic cells need a complex
control system to regulate the expression
of genes?

88. All of an organism’s cells transcribe the same
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Formative Questions
All of an organism’s cells transcribe the same
genes.
Expression of incorrect genes can lead to
mutations.
Certain genes are expressed more frequently
than others are.
Different genes are expressed at different
times in an organism’s lifetime.

89. Which type of gene causes cells to become specialized in structure in
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Formative Questions
Which type of gene causes cells to
become specialized in structure in
function?
exon
Hox gene
intron
operon

90. What is an immediate result of a mutation in a gene?
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Formative Questions
What is an immediate result of a mutation
in a gene?
cancer
genetic disorder
nonfunctional enzyme
amino acid deficiency

91. Which is the most highly mutagenic?
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.4 Formative Questions
Which is the most highly mutagenic?
chemicals in food
cigarette smoke
ultraviolet radiation
X rays

92. Look at the following figure. Identify the
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Assessment Questions
Look at the following figure. Identify the
proteins that DNA first coils around.

93. chromatin fibers chromosomes histones nucleosome
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Assessment Questions
chromatin fibers
chromosomes
histones
nucleosome

94. Explain how Hox genes affect an organism.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Assessment Questions
Explain how Hox genes affect an organism.
They determine size.
They determine body plan.
They determine sex.
They determine number
of body segments.

95. Explain the difference between body-cell and sex-cell mutation.
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Assessment Questions
Explain the difference between body-cell
and sex-cell mutation.

96. Answer: A mutagen in a body cell becomes
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Assessment Questions
Answer: A mutagen in a body cell becomes
part of the of the genetic sequence
in that cell and in future daughter
cells. The cell may die or simply not
perform its normal function. These
mutations are not passed on to the
next generation. When mutations
occur in sex cells, they will be
present in every cell of the offspring.

97. What does this diagram show about the replication of DNA
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
What does this
diagram show about
the replication of DNA
in eukaryotic cells?

98. DNA is replicated only at certain places along
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
DNA is replicated only at certain places along
the chromosome.
DNA replication is both semicontinuous and
conservative.
Multiple areas of replication occur along the
chromosome at the same time.
The leading DNA strand is synthesized
discontinuously.

99. What is this process called?
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
What is this process called?

100. mRNA processing protein synthesis transcription translation
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
mRNA processing
protein synthesis
transcription
translation

101. TTCAGG TTCTGG What type of mutation results in this change
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
What type of mutation results in this change
in the DNA sequence?
TTCAGG TTCTGG
deletion
frameshift
insertion
substitution

102. How could RNA interference be used
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
How could RNA interference be used
to treat diseases such as cancer and
diabetes?

103. by activating genes to produce proteins that
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
by activating genes to produce proteins that
can overcome the disease
by interfering with DNA replication in cells
affected by the disease
by preventing the translation of mRNA into
the genes associated with the disease
by shutting down protein synthesis in the
cells of diseased tissues

104. The structure of a protein can be altered
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Standardized Test Practice
True or False
The structure of a protein can be altered
dramatically by the exchange of a single
amino acid for another.

105. Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Glencoe Biology Transparencies

106. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Image Bank

107. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Image Bank

108. Section 1 Vocabulary double helix nucleosome Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Vocabulary
Section 1
double helix
nucleosome

109. Section 2 Vocabulary semiconservative replication DNA polymerase
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Vocabulary
Section 2
semiconservative replication
DNA polymerase
Okazaki fragment

110. Section 3 Vocabulary RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Vocabulary
Section 3
RNA
messenger RNA
ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
transcription
RNA polymerase
codon
intron
exon
translation

111. Section 4 Vocabulary gene regulation operon mutation mutagen
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Vocabulary
Section 4
gene regulation
operon
mutation
mutagen

112. Visualizing Transcription and Translation
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
Animation
DNA Polymerase
Transcription
Visualizing Transcription and Translation
Lac-Trp Operon