1. Chapter 5 Lecture PowerPoint
Tissues
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2. 5.1: Introduction There are four (4) primary or major tissue types:
Similar cells with a common function are called tissues.
The study of tissues is called histology.
There are four (4) primary or major tissue types:
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
All tissues include a non-living portion called the extracellular matrix.

3. 5.2: Epithelial Tissue General characteristics:
Cover organs and the body
Line body cavities
Line hollow organs
Have a free surface (apical)
Have a basement membrane
Are avascular
Cells readily divide
Cells tightly packed
Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

4. Epithelial Tissue Simple squamous: Simple cuboidal:
Single layer of flat cells
Substances pass easily through
Line air sacs
Line blood vessels
Line lymphatic vessels
Simple cuboidal:
Single layer of cube-shaped cells
Line kidney tubules
Cover ovaries
Line ducts of some glands
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Free surface
of tissue
Lumen
Simple
squamous
epithelium
Nucleus
Basement
membrane
Basement
Free surface
of tissue
Nucleus
Simple
cuboidal
epithelium
Connective
tissue
Connective
tissue
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
b,d: © Ed Reschke
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

5. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.
Epithelial Tissue
Simple columnar:
Single layer of elongated cells
Nuclei usually near the basement
membrane at same level
Sometimes possess cilia
Sometimes possess microvilli
Often have goblet cells
Line uterus, stomach, intestines
Pseudostratified columnar:
Single layer of elongated cells
Nuclei at two or more levels
Appear striated
Often have cilia
Often have goblet cells
Line respiratory passageways
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Cilia
(free surface
of tissue)
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Cytoplasm
Mucus
Nucleus
Goblet cell
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Microvilli
(free surface
of tissue)
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Goblet cell
(a)
(b)
Basement
membrane
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
Connective
tissue
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.

6. Epithelial Tissue Stratified squamous: Stratified cuboidal:
Many cell layers
Top cells are flat
Outer layer of skin
Line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
Stratified cuboidal:
2-3 layers
Cube-shaped cells
Line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Free surface
of tissue
Stratified
cuboidal
epithelium
cells
Squamous
Nucleus
Lumen
Free surface
of tissue
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
(a)
(b)
Layer of
cells
dividing
Basement
membrane
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.
Connective
tissue
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

7. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Epithelial Tissue
Stratified columnar:
Top layer of elongated cells
Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
Line part of male urethra and part of pharynx
Transitional:
Many cell layers
Cube-shaped and elongated cells
Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
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Free surface
of tissue
Unstretched
transitional
epithelium
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Lumen
Basement
membrane
Free surface
of tissue
Stratified
columnar
epithelium
Underlying
connective tissue
(a)
(b)
Basement
membrane
Free surface
of tissue
Connective
tissue
Stretched
transitional
epithelium
(a)
(b)
Basement
membrane
Underlying
connective tissue
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(c)
(d)
b,d: © Ed Reschke

8. Glandular Epithelium
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances
There are two (2) types:
Endocrine glands are ductless (key word: hormone)
Exocrine glands have ducts
Unicellular exocrine gland:
Composed of one cell
Goblet cell (secretes mucus)
Multicellular exocrine gland:
Composed of many cells
Sweat glands, salivary glands, & sebaceous glands.
Simple and compound

9. Structural Types of Exocrine Glands
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Tissue surface
Duct
Secretory portion
Simple tubular
Simple branched
tubular
Simple coiled
tubular
Simple branched
alveolar
Compound tubular
Compound alveolar

10. Types of Glandular Secretions
Merocrine Glands
Fluid product
Salivary glands
Pancreas gland
Sweat glands
Holocrine Glands
Whole cells
Sebaceous glands
Apocrine Glands
Portions of cells
Mammary glands
Ceruminous glands (produces earwax)
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Pinched off
portion of cell
(secretion)
Disintegrating cell
and its contents
(secretion)
Intact
cell
Secretion
New cell
forming by
mitosis and
cytokinesis
(a) Merocrine gland
(b) Apocrine gland
(c) Holocrine gland

11. 5.3: Connective Tissues General characteristics:
Most abundant tissue type
Many functions:
Bind structures
Provide support and protection
Serve as frameworks
Fill spaces
Store fat
Produce blood cells
Protect against infections
Help repair tissue damage
Have a matrix
Have varying degrees of vascularity
Have cells that usually divide

12. Connective Tissue Major Cell Types
Fibroblasts
Fixed cell
Most common cell
Large, star-shaped
Produce fibers
Macrophages
Wandering cell
Phagocytic
Important in injury or infection
Mast cells
Fixed cell
Release heparin
Release histamine

13. Connective Tissue Fiber Types
Collagenous fibers
Thick
Composed of collagen
Great tensile strength
Abundant in dense CT
Hold structures together
Tendons, ligaments
Elastic fibers
Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin
Fibers branch
Elastic
Vocal cords, air passages
Reticular fibers
Very thin collagenous fibers
Highly branched
Form supportive networks

14. Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper: Loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Specialized Connective Tissue:
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

15. Connective Tissue Types
Loose Connective Tissue
Mainly fibroblasts
Fluid to gel-like matrix
Collagenous fibers
Elastic fibers
Bind skin to structures
Beneath most epithelia
Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells
Between muscles
Adipose Tissue
Adipocytes
Cushions
Insulates
Store fats
Beneath skin
Behind eyeballs
Around kidneys and heart
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Cytsol
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fat droplet
Collagenous
fiber
Cell
membrane
Fibroblast
Nucleus
Ground
substance
(a)
(b)
Elastic
fiber
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

16. Connective Tissue Types
Reticular Connective Tissue
Composed of reticular fibers
Supports internal organ walls
Walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
Dense Connective Tissue
Packed collagenous fibers
Elastic fibers
Few fibroblasts
Bind body parts together
Tendons, ligaments, dermis
Poor blood supply
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fibroblasts
Collagenous
fibers
Collagenous
fibers
White blood
cell
(a)
(b)
Fibroblast
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

17. Connective Tissue Types
Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Solid matrix
Supports
Protects
Forms blood cells
Attachment for muscles
Skeleton
Osteocytes in lacunae
Elastic Connective Tissue
Abundant in elastic fibers
Some collagenous fibers
Fibroblasts
Attachments between bones
Walls of large arteries, airways, heart
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Collagenous
fibers
Osteon
Lamella
Fibroblast
Central canal
Elastic fibers
Osteocyte in lacuna
(a)
(b)
Canaliculi
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
(a)
(b)
Osteocyte
Nucleus
Cell process in canaliculus 21
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

18. Connective Tissue Types
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant
Ends of bones
Nose, respiratory passages
Embryonic skeleton
Cartilage
Rigid matrix
Chondrocytes in lacunae
Poor blood supply
Three (3) types:
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Flexible
External ear, larynx
Fibrocartilage
Very tough
Shock absorber
Intervertebral discs
Pads of knee and pelvic girdle

19. Connective Tissue Types
Three (3) types of cartilage:
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Elastic fibers
Nucleus
Nucleus
Lacuna
Lacuna
Chondrocyte
Chondrocyte
Extracellular
matrix
Extracellular
matrix
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lacuna
Chondrocyte
Nucleus
Collagenous
fiber
Extracellular
matrix
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Fibrocartilage

20. Connective Tissue Types
Blood
Fluid matrix called plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Transports
Defends
Involved in clotting
Throughout body in blood vessels
Heart
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White blood
cell
Red blood
cells
Plasma
(extracellular
matrix of blood)
Platelets
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

21. 5.4: Types of Membranes
There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes:
2. Mucous Membranes
Line tubes and organs that open to outside world
Lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc.
Secrete mucus
1. Serous Membranes
Line body cavities that do not open to the outside
Reduce friction
Inner lining of thorax and abdomen
Cover organs of thorax and abdomen
Secrete serous fluid
3. Cutaneous Membranes
Covers body
Skin
4. Synovial Membranes
Composed entirely of connective tissue
Lines joints

22. 5.5: Muscle Tissues Skeletal muscle General characteristics:
Attached to bones
Striated
Voluntary
General characteristics:
Muscle cells also called muscle fibers
Contractile
Three (3) types:
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Walls of organs
Skin
Walls of blood vessels
Involuntary
Non-striated
Cardiac muscle
Heart wall
Involuntary
Striated
Intercalated discs

23. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Striations
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Striations
Cytoplasm
Nuclei
Nucleus
Portion of a
muscle fiber
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Striations
Nucleus
Intercalated
disc
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Cardiac Muscle

24. 5.6: Nervous Tissue Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Functional cells are neurons
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Cellular
process
Neuroglial cells support and
bind nervous tissue components
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
Neuroglial
cells
(a)
(b)
Sensory reception
b: © Ed Reschke.
Conduction of nerve impulses