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Visual system Oculus et structurae pertinentes

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1 Visual system Oculus et structurae pertinentes
© David Kachlík

2 © David Kachlík Odilo Redon

3 Orbita = Orbit tetrahedral pyramid tilted dorsally aditus x apex
10 openings + their contetnt m. orbitalis Mülleri – smooth muscle in the fissura orbitalis inferior content: eyeball, oculomotor muscles, fat pad and related structures © David Kachlík

4 Orbita – osseous walls cranially: pars orbitalis o. frontalis (fovea trochlearis + spina trochlearis, incisura/foramen frontalis/supraorbitalis, fossa glandulae lacrimalis), ala minor o. sphenoidalis (fissura orbitalis sup.) medially: processus frontalis maxillae (fossa sacci lacrimalis), os lacrimale, lamina orbitalis o. ethmoidalis (foramen ethmoidale ant. et post.), ala minor o. sphenoidalis laterally: facies orbitalis o. zygomatici (foramen zygomaticoorbitale), facies orbitalis alae majoris o. sphenoidalis © David Kachlík

5 Orbita – osseous walls caudally: facies orbitalis o. zygomatici, facies orbitalis corporis maxillae (sulcus et canalis infraorbitalis, fissura orbitalis inf.), processus orbitalis o. palatini aditus orbitae → apex orbitae orbita is divided by theoretical planes into 3 levels © David Kachlík

6 Orbita – related structures
medially: cellulae ethmoidales (via very thin lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis) caudally: sinus maxillaris cranially: fossa cerebri anterior dorsally: sinus cavernosus + fossa pterygopalatina © David Kachlík

7 Visual system bulbus oculi = eyeball
structurae pertinentes oculi = related structures of the eye topography: regio orbitalis development © David Kachlík

8 Eyeball tunica fibrosa (externa) tunica vasculosa (media)
tunica interna (nervosa) corpus vitreum (vitreous body) + lens © David Kachlík

9 Eyeball polus anterior, posterior equator x meriadiani
axis bulbi externus, internus axis opticus (= „linea visus“) © David Kachlík

10 Tunica fibrosa (externa)
sclera cornea © David Kachlík

11 Tunica fibrosa (externa) Sclera
dense connective tissue (= reticulum trabeculare), collagen fibres, fibroblasts, ground substance lamina episcleralis, substantia propria, lamina fusca lamina cribrosa (entrance of n. II.) 5/6th of the eyeball surface, ø 2,2 cm sinus venosus sclerae (canalis Schlemmi s. Lauthi) sulcus sclerae – sclerocorneal junction = limbus corneae (angulus sclerocornealis) © David Kachlík

12 Tunica fibrosa (externa) Cornea
perfectly transparent, non-vascular limbus, vertex 5 layers epithelium anterius cornae (stratified squamous ep.) lamina limitans anterior (Bowman´s membrane) substantia propria corneae lamina limitans posterior (Descement´s membrane) epithelium posterius corneae („endothelium“) 11 x 12 mm - physiological astigmatism © David Kachlík

13 Tunica vasculosa (media) = Uvea
choroidea corpus ciliare (ciliary body) iris © David Kachlík

14 Tunica vasculosa (media) = Choroidea
lamina suprachoroidea (= lamina fusca sclerae) spatium perichoroideum lamina vasculosa (choroideal stroma) larger vessels, connective tissue, smooth muscle cells, nerves lamina choriocapillaris capillaries lamina basalis = Bruch´s membrane BM of pigment epithelium and capillaries + connective tissue © David Kachlík

15 Tunica vasculosa (media) = Corpus ciliare
annular shape, triangular profile processus + plicae ciliares orbiculus (external part), corona (internal part) smooth musculus ciliaris fibrae meridionales, radiales, circulares, longitudinales © David Kachlík

16 Tunica vasculosa (media) = Corpus ciliare
stroma m. ciliaris: parasympathetic  accomodation  focus at near (focus at far is assured with the elastic choroidea) capillaries and nerves supplying the muscle epithelial cover – production of humor aquosus BL – continuation of Bruch´s membrane pigment epithelium – (continuation of pigm. epith. of retina) cilliary canal nonpigment epithelium (continuation of sensory epith. of retina) BL fibrae zonulares – fixation of lens © David Kachlík

17 Tunica vasculosa (media) = Iris
annular and flat shape function of photograph stop (shutter) margo ciliaris (external), m. pupillaris (internal) pupilla anulus iridis major + minor (containing circulus arteriosus iridis major + minor) m. sphincter pupillae (parasymp.) – miosis (circular) m. dilatator pupillae (symp.) – mydriasis (radiate) © David Kachlík

18 Tunica vasculosa (media) = Iris
plicae iridis, stroma iridis anterior surface no epithelium cover fibroblasts and melanocytes (colour) dentate line – remnant of membrana pupillaris Wachendorfi posterior surface 2 layers of pigment epithelium internal pigment external myoepithelial m. sphincter pupillae m. dilatator pupillae © David Kachlík

19 Lens polus anterior, posterior
axis, equator, radii (seams in shape of Y and inverted-Y) capsula lentis substantia lentis – cortex, nucleus zonula ciliaris Zinni fibrae zonulares spatia zonularia catharact - replacement © David Kachlík

20 Lens transparen biconvex nonvascular structure
capsula lentis – similar to BL epithelium lentis – unilayered cubic anterior surface only substantia lentis cortical – contains oblong cells (fibres) with organels and nucleus nuclear – cellular fibres without organels and nucleus cells contain specific proteins (filensin, crystallins) © David Kachlík

21 Accomodation focus at near focus at far contraction of m. ciliaris
fibrae zonulares relax lens bulges parallel contraction of m. sphincter pupillae (= miosis) focus at far vessels tonus keeps fibrae zonulares tightened lens is flatened contraction of m. dilatator pupillae (= mydriasis) © David Kachlík

22 Corpus vitreum = Vitreous body
membrana, stroma, humor vitreus 99% of water hyaluronic acid, collagen fibres cells – hyalocytes – during development only! no regeneration ! – in trauma flows out and replaced with aqueous humor canalis hyaloideus Cloqueti – remnant of fetal arteria hylaloidea fossa hyaloidea maintains the internal eyeball pressure, compress retina to the choroidea © David Kachlík

23 Humor aquosus = Aqeous humor
produced by corpus ciliare absorbed in angulus iridocornealis 0,2-0,3 ml of pellucid and colourless fluid daily production - 3 ml content: 0,7-1,2% NaCl, glucose and urea traces (0,1%), no proteins! corresponds to the lymph inside the eyeball intraocular pressure: mmHg  intraocular pressure  compression of retina  glaucoma © David Kachlík

24 Camerae bulbi = Chambers of eyeball
camera postrema s. vitrea between corpus ciliare, lens and retina contains corpus vitreum spatium retrozonulare camera posterior between iris, lens and corpus ciliare contains and produces humor aquosus camera anterior between cornea and iris angulus iridocornealis contains and absorbs humor aquosus © David Kachlík

25 Angulus iridocornealis = Iridocorneal angle
in site of sclerocorneal junction trabecular net in the posterior wall = spatia anguli i.c. = Fontana´s spaces no direct connection to Schlemm´s canal reabsorption of humor aquosus maintains the intraocular pressure !!! no application of parasympatheticolytics in patient with glaucoma !!! © David Kachlík

26 OCT Optic coherent tomography measurements of light reflexion
© David Kachlík

27 Break © David Kachlík

28 Tunica interna (nervosa) = Retina
pars caeca pars iridica pars ciliaris ora serrata pars optica – 11 layers pigment part sensory part © David Kachlík

29 Tunica interna (nervosa) Retina – pigment part
unilayered cubic epithelium cells with thight junctions apical cell parts contain melanin granules encompass the external segments of sensory cells interfotoreceptor matrix nutrition of cells, regeneratin of fotopigment, degradation of membranous discs © David Kachlík

30 Tunica interna (nervosa) Retina – sensory part
light-sensitive neurons (transducers) rods and cones trasmission neurons (integraters) bipolar and ganglionic cells association neurons horizontal and amacrinne cells suppoting cells (glia) Müller´s cells © David Kachlík

31 Tunica sensoria (interna) Rods = Bacilli
synaptic disc axon nucleus internal segment GA, ER, MIT; synthesis of ATP and rhodopsin external segment membranous discs with fotopigment migrate externally until the separate black and white vision © David Kachlík

32 Tunica sensoria (interna) Rods = Coni
synaptic foot fotopigment - iodopsin external segment membranous discs with fotopigment communicate with environment colour vision– 3 types of cones „blue“ – 420 nm „green“ – 535 nm „red“ – 565 nm © David Kachlík

33 Tunica sensoria (interna) Transmisison neurons (Integraters)
Bipolar cells rod-like bipolar cells cone-like bipolar cells – dwarf x diffused contacts with ganglionic cells Ganglionic cells diffused type – contact with more bipolare cells dwarf type – contact with dwarf bipolare cell axons of ganglionic cells form nervus opticus © David Kachlík

34 Tunica sensoria (interna) Association neurons
only neuritic processes – in both directions horizontal cells contacts with rods and cones amacrinne cells contacts with bipolar and ganglionic cells modification and synchronization of signal © David Kachlík

35 Tunica sensoria (interna) Supporting cells
Müller´s cells macroglia their BL = membrana limitans interna zonulae adherentes with rods and cones = membrana limitans externa © David Kachlík

36 Tunica sensoria (interna) Layers of optic part of retina
!!!  do not be frightened  !!! © David Kachlík

37 Tunica sensoria (interna) Layers of optic part of retina
stratum pigmentosum (1.) stratum nervosum (2.-10.) stratum segmentorum externorum et internorum(2.) stratum limitans externum (3.) stratum nucleare externum (4.) stratum plexiforme externum (5.) stratum nucleare internum (6.) stratum plexiforme internum (7.) stratum ganglionicum (8.) stratum neurofibrarum (9.) stratum limitans internum (10.) © David Kachlík

38 Tunica interna (nervosa) Specific spots of retina
discus n. optici (= blind spot) n. II leaves the eyeball no light-sensitive cells  excavatio disci © David Kachlík

39 Tunica sensoria (interna) Specific spots of retina
fovea centralis („macula lutea; yellow spot“) distant layers diverted laterally sharpest and most brilliant colour vision spot cones only ( cones)  foveola (2500 cones) © David Kachlík

40 OCT Optic coherent tomography
© David Kachlík

41 OCT © David Kachlík

42 OCT ABRUPTIO RETINAE © David Kachlík

43 Arterial supply of the eye
a. carotis interna  a. ophtalmica  aa. ciliares posteriores breves  choroidea aa. ciliares longae (24)  corpus ciliare + iris aa. musculares  aa. ciliares ant., a. epiclerales, aa. conjuctivales lat. a. centralis retinae  retina a. lacrimalis  aa. palpebrales lat. aa. palpebrales med.  aa. conjuctivales med. © David Kachlík

44 © David Kachlík

45 Vasa sanguinea retinae – fundus oculi
a. centralis retinae  arteriolae a. temporalis sup.+inf. a. nasalis sup.+inf. a. macularis sup.+inf. (+ media) veins correspond to arteries, they often cross © David Kachlík

46 A. cilioretinalis (cilioretinal a.)
present in 10-33% of eyes branches from the a. ciliaris posterior brevis exits the discus n.II separately from a. centralis retinae additional supply to macula lutea from choroidal circulation provide a small amount of blood supply to the retina when a. centralis retinae is occluded 90% located temporally, 10% nasally occlusion of a. cilioretinalis → central visual loss occlusion of a. centralis retinae → spare central vision and macula lutea © David Kachlík

47 A. cilioretinalis (cilioretinal a.)
© David Kachlík

48 Venous drainage of eye – 3 directions
vv. episclerales vv. ciliares ant.  vv. sclerales  sinus venosus sclerae Schlemmi s. Lauthi vv. vorticosae (4 in quadrants of eyeball) v. centralis retinae v. ophthalmica sup.  sinus cavernosus v. ophthalmica inf.  plexus pterygoideus v. angularis  v. facialis  v. jugularis int. ! danger of inflammation spreading ! © David Kachlík

49 Nervous supply of eye n. opticus – special sensory
pars intraocularis, canalis, itracranialis vagina interna, externa n. ophthalmicus  nn. ciliares longi – somatosensory n. lacrimalis, n. frontalis, n. nasociliaris – for surrounding structures nn. ciliares breves  ganglion ciliare – autonomic (visceromotor) (sympathetic fibres non-interpolated, parasympathetic interpolated) n.III., n. IV., n.VI – somatomotor © David Kachlík

50 © David Kachlík

51 Nervus opticus evagination of diencephalon (thalamus opticus)
axons separated with endoneurium covered with meninges a. et v. centralis retinea runs inside the nerve © David Kachlík

52 VISUAL PATHWAY Projection → Ascendent → Sensoric
4 - neuronal, partially crossed neuron: rod and cones of retine neuron: bipolar cells neuron: ganglional cells  n. II  chiasma opticum  corpus geniculatum laterale neuron: cells in corpus geniculatum laterale  tractus geniculocorticalis (= radiatio optica Gratioleti)  lobus occipitalis, area 17 (around sulcus calcarinus) Meyer´s loop into temporal lobe © David Kachlík

53 VSIUAL PATHWAY branches from 3rd neuron
to hypothalamus (nucleus suprachiasmaticus) – converts optical signals to highest vegetativ centres (seeing meal = salivation) pathways of pupillar reflex - through area pretectalis to nucleus accessorius dorsalis n. III /Edinger-Westphal/ - parasymphatetic pathway with n. III  ganglion ciliare  nn. ciliares breves  m. ciliaris et m. sphincter pupillae /miosis + accomodation/ to reticular formation  tractus reticulospinalis  centrum ciliospinale /Budge/ C8-Th1  sympathetic pathway in truncus symphaticus  ganglion cervicale superius  plexus caroticus internus et ophtalmicus  nn. ciliares breves  m. dilatator pupillae /mydriasis/ pathway for convergence  nucleus interstitialis /Cajal/  fasciculus longitudinalis medialis  nuclei of all ophtalmogyric nerves tectal optic circuit - tractus tectospinalis (control of synkinesis of eyes, head, neck to visual stimuli and for coordination with gross movements of body) © David Kachlík

54 © David Kachlík

55 Structurae oculi accessoriae = Related strctures of eye
Apparatus ligamentosus Palpebrae = Eyelids Conjunctiva Apparatus lacrimalis Apparatus muscularis Supercilium © David Kachlík

56 Apparatus ligamentosus
periorbit vagina bulbi (= capsula Tenoni) lig. suspensorium bulbi spatium episclerale corpus adiposum orbitae fasciae musculares © David Kachlík

57 Tunica conjunctiva t.c. bulbi x t.c. palpebrarum
fornix superior, inferior continuation of epithelium of cornea, dorsally to the eyelid, covers anterior surface of the eyeball stratified cylindric epithelium contains goblet cells glanduale conjuctivales Wolfringi caruncula lacrimalis © David Kachlík

58 Víčka = Palpebrae palpebra superior, inferior
tarsus superior (10 mm), inferior (5 mm) lig. palpebrale med. (2 pruhy) + lat. facies ant.+post., rima palpebrarum, commissura palp. med.+lat., limbus ant.+ post. angulus oculi med.+ lat. m. tarsalis sup. (Mülleri) + inf. – smooth muscles pars palpebralis m. orbicularis oculi - n. VII m. levator palpebrae superioris - n. III cilia © David Kachlík

59 Palpebrae = Eyelids palpebra superior, inferior
tarsus superior (10 mm), inferior (5 mm) lig. palpebrale med. (2 bands) + lat. facies ant.+post., rima palpebrarum, commissura palp. med.+lat., limbus ant.+ post. angulus oculi med.+ lat. m. tarsalis sup. (Mülleri) + inf. – smooth muscles pars palpebralis m. orbicularis oculi - n. VII m. levator palpebrae superioris - n. III cilia © David Kachlík

60 Palpebrae = Eyelids external cutaneous part m. orbicularis oculi
keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium gl. sebaceae Zeissi inflammation - hordeolum cilia + gl. ciliares Molli apocrinne glands m. orbicularis oculi tarsus fibroelastic plate gl. tarsales Meibomi sebaceous glands - chalazion internal conjunctival part sulcus et epithelial transition © David Kachlík

61 Apparatus lacrimalis = Lacrimal apparatus
glandula lacrimalis pars orbitalis + palpebralis 12-15 separate ductuli excretorii glandulae lacrimales accessoriae Krausei rivus lacrimalis lacus, papilla, caruncula lacrimalis puctum, canaliculus lacrimalis saccus lacrimalis  ductus nasolacrimalis (plica lacrimalis Hasneri)  meatus nasi inf. © David Kachlík

62 tubuloacinar serous glands with myoepithelial cells
Glandula lacrimalis tubuloacinar serous glands with myoepithelial cells © David Kachlík

63 Muscular apparatus mm. recti bulbi: sup., inf., med., lat. (VI.)
mm. obliqui bulbi: inf., sup.(IV.) /fovea trochlearis, spina trochlearis, trochlea, vagina m.o.b.s./ m. levator palpebrae sup. (pars spf.+prof.) n. III – other 5 muscles smooth svaly: m. orbitalis Mülleri, m. tarsalis sup. Mülleri + inf. © David Kachlík

64 Movements of the eye-ball I.
movements around axis = ductions around vertical axis: adduction (internal) abduction (external) around horizontal axis: elevation (sursumduction; supraduction): up depression (deorsumduction; infraduction): down around sagittal (antero-posterior) axis: intorsion (incykloduction): tilted internally extorsion (excykloduction): tilted externally © David Kachlík

65 Movements of the eye-ball II.
paired movements (both eyes working together) simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction = version (conjugate movements) dextroversion (to the right) + levoversion (to the left) supraversion (sursumversion) + infra/deorsumversion (up + down) dextro/levoelevation + dextro/levodepression (up/down and to side) dextro/levocykloversion (rotation to the right/left) simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions = vergence (disconjugate movements), convergence = both eyes moving nasally or inward , divergence = both eyes moving temporally or outward strabismus; heterotropia; squint = one eye constantly is turned inward (“crossed-eye”), outward (“wall-eye”), upward, or downward. © David Kachlík

66 Movements of the eye-ball
© David Kachlík

67 Strabismus concomitans
esotropia (s. convergens) exotropia (s. divergens) hypertropia (s. sursumvergens) hypotropia (s. deosumvergens) © David Kachlík

68 Development of visual system
neuroectoderm of the forebrain superficial ectoderm of head mesoderm in between cells from neural crest © David Kachlík

69 Development of visual system
primordia from beginning of 4th week (22nd day) formation of optic grooves in the region of forebrain grooves deepen in optic vesicles formation of optic peduncle induction of ectoderm = thickening formation of lens (optic) placode © David Kachlík

70 Development of visual system
envagination of lens (optic) placode formation of hollow lens vesicle without connection to the external surface optic vesicles envaginate = optic cup envagiantion of optic pedicle and cup + migration of vascular mesenchyme = formation of vitreous vessels © David Kachlík

71 Development of retina origin from optic cup
external layer – pigment epithelium internal layer – proliferates into pars nervosa intraretinal space – successively fades out inversion of retina © David Kachlík

72 Development of n. II fibres from ganglionic cells growth through the optic pedicle fissure (evagiantion) fades out © David Kachlík

73 Development of corpus ciliare
protrusion of both layers of optic cup pigment epithelium – from external layer non-pigment epithelium – from internal layer ciliary canal – from optic cup cavity m. ciliaris and connective tissue – from mesenchyme © David Kachlík

74 Development of iris margin of eye cup external layer – smooth muscles
internal layer –pigment epithelium © David Kachlík

75 Development of lens from lens (optic) vesicle a. hyaloidea – fades out
anterior surface – no change = epithelium anterius posterior surface – cells elongate as far as lumen disappers formation of primary fibres secondary fibres – derived from epitheliuum anterius cells capsula lentis – thickened BL of epitheliuum anterius a. hyaloidea – fades out pupillary membrane – covering lens – fades out © David Kachlík

76 Development of camere bulbi
camera anterior fissure between primordial lens and cornea camera posterior fissure in optic cup on sides of lens vesicle © David Kachlík

77 Development of cornea, choroidea and sclera
superficial ectoderm mesenchyme cells of neural crest choroidea and sclera surronding mesenchyme © David Kachlík

78 Development of palpebrae
6th week: cutaneous folds across cornea 10th week: both folds fuse 28th week: folds separate again inbetween: conjunctina adheres internally muscles: IInd branchial arch tarsus and glands from mesenchyme © David Kachlík

79 Development of lacrimal glands
evaginations of superficial ectoderm non-functionnal until 6th week newborn does not water in eyes © David Kachlík

80 finally…END ! © David Kachlík


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