1. Anatomy And Embryology Of The Eye And Ocular Adnexa
Dr. Abdullah Al-Amri
Ophthalmology Consultant

2. Contents Anatomy of The Bony Orbit Anatomy of Ocular Adnexa.
Anatomy of The Eye.
Embryology.

3. Orbital anatomy Seven bones make up the bony orbit : Frontal Zygomatic
Maxilla (or maxillary bone)
Ethmoid (or ethmoidal bone)
Sphenoid
Lacrimal
Palatine

5. Orbital roof

6. Medial orbital wall

7. Orbital floor

8. Lateral orbital wall

9. Optic foramen and superior ophthalmic fissure

10. Periorbital Sinuses
The periorbital sinuses have a close anatomical relationship with the orbits.
The periorbital sinuses offer a route for the spread of infection.
Mucoceles occasionally arise from the sinuses and can extend into the adjacent orbit.

12. Extraocular Muscles There are 7 extraocular muscles: Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris

13. Origin and insertion

16. Eye lid
The palpebral fissure is the exposed zone between the upper and lower eyelids.
The upper eyelid is more mobile than the lower and can be raised I5 mm by the action of the levator muscle alone.
The levator muscle is innervated by CN Ill.

19. Conjunctiva
The palpebral conjunctiva is a transparent vascularized membrane covered by a nonkeratinized epithelium that lines the inner surface of the eyelids.
Continuous with the conjunctival fornices it merges with the bulbar conjunctiva before terminating at the limbus.

20. The conjunctiva consists of bulbar (red), forniceal (black), and palpebral (blue) portions.

21. Vascular Supply of the Eyelids
The blood supply of the eyelids is derived from the facial system, which arises from the external carotid artery, and the orbital system, which originates from the internal carotid artery.

22. The venous drainage of the eyelids can be divided into 2 portions:
Superficial system which drains into the internal and external jugular veins.
Deep system which flows into the cavernous sinus.

23. Lymphatics of the Eyelids
Lymphatic vessels are found in the eyelids and conjunctiva, but neither lymphatic vessels nor nodes are present in the orbit.
Swelling of the lymph nodes is a diagnostic sign of several external eye infections.

24. Lacrimal Gland and Excretory System
The main lacrimal gland is located in a shallow depression within the orbital part of the frontal bone.
The gland is divided into 2 parts.
When the upper eyelid is everted, the smaller, palpebral part can be seen in the superolateral conjunctival fornix.

26. Vascular Supply and Drainage of the Orbit
The posterior ciliary vessels supply the whole uveal tract, the cilioretinal arteries, the sclera, the margin of the cornea, and the adjacent conjunctiva.
The anterior ciliary arteries supply the rectus muscles.

27. The vortex veins drain the venous system of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
Venous drainage of the orbit occurs through 2 major veins, the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins.

28. The eye

30. Cornea and the tear film

31. The sclera
The sclera, also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber.
It is of variable thickness, 1 mm around the optic nerve head and 0.3 mm just posterior to the muscle insertions.

32. The uvea The uvea is the vascular pigmented middle layer of the eye.
It is traditionally divided into three areas, from front to back:
Iris.
Ciliary body.
Choroid.

33. The iris

34. The ciliary body

35. The retina

38. The lens

39. Optic nerve and visual pathway
This is formed by the axons arising from the retinal ganglion cell layer.
In the orbit, the optic nerve is surrounded by a sheath formed by the dura, arachnoid and pia mater continuous with that surrounding the brain.
The central retinal artery and vein enter the eye in the center of the optic nerve.

42. Embryology of the eye
The eye begins to develop as a pair of optic vesicles on each side of the forebrain at the end of the 4th week of pregnancy.

45. Questions