13. What is the closest galaxy to the Milky Way? The new answer to this old question is the Canis Major dwarf galaxy. For many years astronomers thought the Large Magellan Cloud (LMC) was closest, but its title was supplanted in 1994 by the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. Recent measurements indicate that the Canis Major dwarf is only 42,000 light years from the Galactic center, about three quarters of the distance to the Sagittarius dwarf and a quarter of the distance to the LMC. The discovery was made in data from the 2MASS-sky survey, where infrared light allows a better view through our optically opaque Galactic plane. The labeled illustration above shows the location of the newly discovered Canis Major dwarf and its associated tidal stream of material in relation to our Milky Way Galaxy. The Canis Major dwarf and other satellite galaxies are slowly being gravitationally ripped apart as they travel around and through our Galaxy.Canis Major dwarf galaxy Large Magellan CloudSagittarius dwarf galaxyCanis Major42light years Galactic centerSagittarius dwarf 2MASSinfraredGalactic planelabeled illustration abovetidal streamMilky Way Galaxysatellite galaxiesgravitationally ripped apart

14. RR Lyrae is the prototype of a class of variables (that is, the ‘main’ star in that category, usually the first star discovered with its particular characteristics). RR Lyrae variables are very old giants which pulsate (that is their outer layer expands and contracts). Their period is quite short, less than one day. They usually inhabit globular clusters. RR Lyrae has a period of 13h 36m and a range of one full magnitude, 7.1 to 8.1.