1. RC Circuits Chapter 10 Thomas L. Floyd David M. Buchla DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2. Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved When resistance and capacitance are connected in series, the phase angle between the applied voltage and total current is between 0  and 90 , depending on the values of resistance and reactance. Ch.10 Summary Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuits

3. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved In a series RC circuit, the total impedance is the phasor sum of R and X C. R is plotted along the positive x-axis. X C is plotted along the negative y-axis. It is convenient to reposition the phasors so they form an impedance triangle. Z is the diagonal Ch.10 Summary Impedance of Series RC Circuits

4. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Sketch the impedance triangle and show the values for R = 1.2 k  and X C = 960 . Ch.10 Summary Impedance of Series RC Circuits

5. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Ohm’s law is applied to series RC circuits using Z, V, and I. Because I is the same everywhere in a series circuit, you can obtain the various component voltages by multiplying the impedance of that component by the current, as the following example demonstrates. Ch.10 Summary Series RC Circuit Analysis

6. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Assume the current in the previous example is 10 mA. Sketch the voltage phasor diagram. (The impedance triangle from the previous example is shown for reference.) The voltage phasor diagram can be found using Ohm’s law. Multiply each impedance phasor by 10 mA (as shown below): Ch.10 Summary Series RC Circuit Analysis x 10 mA =

7. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Reactance phasors can only be drawn for a single frequency because X is a function of frequency. Ch.10 Summary Phase Angle vs. Frequency As frequency changes, the impedance triangle for an RC circuit changes as illustrated here because X C decreases with increasing f. This determines the frequency response of RC circuits.

8. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved A series RC circuit can be used to produce a phase lag by a specific amount between an input voltage and an output by taking the output across the capacitor. This circuit is a basic low-pass filter, a circuit that passes low frequencies and rejects all others. This filter passes low frequencies up to a frequency called the cutoff frequency. Ch.10 Summary Application

9. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Reversing the components in the previous circuit produces a circuit that is a basic lead network. This circuit is a basic high- pass filter, a circuit that passes high frequencies and rejects all others. This filter passes high frequencies down to a frequency called the cutoff frequency. Ch.10 Summary Application

10. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved An application showing how a phase-shift network is useful is the phase-shift oscillator, which uses a combination of RC networks to produce a 180 o phase shift that is required for the oscillator to work. Ch.10 Summary Application

11. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved For parallel circuits, it is useful to introduce two new quantities (susceptance and admittance) and to review conductance. Ch.10 Summary AC Response of Parallel RC Circuits Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. Capacitive susceptance is the reciprocal of capacitive reactance. Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance.

12. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved In a parallel RC circuit, the admittance phasor is the sum of the conductance and capacitive susceptance phasors: From the diagram, the phase angle is: Ch.10 Summary AC Response of Parallel RC Circuits

13. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Draw the admittance phasor diagram for the circuit. The magnitudes of conductance, susceptance, and admittance are: Ch.10 Summary AC Response of Parallel RC Circuits

14. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Ohm’s law can be applied to parallel RC circuits using Y, V, and I. Because V is the same across all components in a parallel circuit, you can obtain the current in a given component by simply multiplying the admittance of the component by the voltage, as illustrated in the following example. Ch.10 Summary Analysis of Parallel RC Circuits

15. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved If the voltage in the previous example is 10 V, sketch the current phasor diagram. The admittance diagram from the previous example is shown below for reference. The current phasor diagram can be found from Ohm’s law. Multiply each admittance phasor by 10 V. Ch.10 Summary Analysis of Parallel RC Circuits

16. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Notice that the formula for capacitive susceptance is the reciprocal of capacitive reactance. Thus B C and I C are directly proportional to f: Ch.10 Summary Phase Angle of Parallel RC Circuits As frequency increases, B C and I C must also increase, so the angle between I R and I S must increase.

17. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved For every parallel RC circuit there is an equivalent series RC circuit at a given frequency. The equivalent resistance and capacitive reactance are shown on the impedance triangle: Ch.10 Summary Equivalent Series and Parallel RC Circuits

18. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Series-parallel RC circuits are combinations of both series and parallel elements. These circuits can be solved by methods from series and parallel circuits. The total impedance can be found by converting the parallel components to an equivalent series combination, then adding the result to R 1 and X C1 to get the total reactance. The components in the yellow box are in parallel: Ch.10 Summary Series-Parallel RC Circuits For example, the components in the green box are in series:

19. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved An oscilloscope is commonly used to measure phase angle in reactive circuits. The easiest way to measure phase angle is to set up the two signals to have the same apparent amplitude and measure the period. An example of a Multisim simulation is shown, but the technique is the same in lab. Set up the oscilloscope so that two waves appear to have the same amplitude as shown. Determine the period. For the wave shown, the period is Ch.10 Summary Measuring Phase Angle

20. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Next, spread the waves out using the SEC/DIV control in order to make an accurate measurement of the time difference between the waves. In the case illustrated, the time difference is The phase shift is calculated from 55 o Ch.10 Summary Measuring Phase Angle (Cont’d)

21. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved As shown earlier, you can multiply the impedance phasors for a series RC circuit by the current to obtain the voltage phasors. The earlier example is shown below for review: Ch.10 Summary The Power Triangle x 10 mA = Multiplying each value in the left-hand triangle gives you the corresponding value in the right-hand triangle.

22. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Multiplying the voltage phasors by I rms (10 mA) gives the power triangle values (because P = V  I ). Apparent power is the product of the magnitude of the current and magnitude of the voltage and is plotted along the hypotenuse of the power triangle. Ch.10 Summary The Power Triangle (Cont’d)

23. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Power factor is the ratio of true power (in W) to apparent power (in VA). Volt-amperes multiplied by the power factor equals true power. Power factor can be determined using: Power factor can vary from 0 (for a purely reactive circuit) to 1 (for a purely resistive circuit). Ch.10 Summary Power Factor

24. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Apparent power consists of two components; the true power component, which does the work, and a reactive power component, that is simply power shuttled back and forth between source and load. Ch.10 Summary Apparent Power Some components such as transformers, motors, and generators are rated in VA rather than watts.

25. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved When a signal is applied to an RC circuit, and the output is taken across the capacitor as shown, the circuit acts as a low-pass filter. As the frequency increases, the output amplitude decreases. Plotting the response: Ch.10 Summary RC Circuit Frequency Response

26. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Reversing the components, and taking the output across the resistor as shown, the circuit acts as a high-pass filter. As the frequency increases, the output amplitude also increases. Plotting the response: Ch.10 Summary RC Circuit Frequency Response

27. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved The total opposition to sinusoidal current expressed in ohms. The ability of a capacitor to permit current; the reciprocal of capacitive reactance, measured in siemens (S). The angle between the source voltage and the total current in a reactive circuit. A measure of the ability of a reactive circuit to permit current; the reciprocal of impedance, measured in siemens (S). Ch.10 Summary Key Terms Impedance Phase angle Capacitive susceptance (BC) Admittance (Y)

28. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved The frequency at which the output voltage of a filter is 70.7% of the maximum output voltage. In electric circuits, the variation of the output voltage (or current) over a specified range of frequencies. The relationship between volt-amperes and true power or watts. Volt-amperes multiplied by the power factor equals true power. Ch.10 Summary Key Terms Power factor Frequency response Cutoff frequency

29. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1. If you know what the impedance phasor diagram looks like in a series RC circuit, you can find the voltage phasor diagram by a. multiplying each phasor by the current b. multiplying each phasor by the source voltage c. dividing each phasor by the source voltage d. dividing each phasor by the current Ch.10 Summary Quiz

30. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 2. A series RC circuit is driven with a sine wave. If the output voltage is taken across the resistor, the output will a.be in phase with the input. b.lead the input voltage. c.lag the input voltage. d.none of the above Ch.10 Summary Quiz

31. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 3. A series RC circuit is driven with a sine wave. If you measure 7.07 V across the capacitor and 7.07 V across the resistor, the voltage across both components is a. 0 V b. 5 V c. 10 V d. 14.1 V Ch.10 Summary Quiz

32. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 4. If you increase the frequency in a series RC circuit, a. the total impedance will increase b. the reactance will not change c. the phase angle will decrease d. none of the above Ch.10 Summary Quiz

33. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 5. Admittance is the reciprocal of a. reactance b. resistance c. conductance d. impedance Ch.10 Summary Quiz

34. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 6. Given the admittance phasor diagram of a parallel RC circuit, you could obtain the current phasor diagram by a. multiplying each phasor by the voltage b. multiplying each phasor by the total current c. dividing each phasor by the voltage d. dividing each phasor by the total current Ch.10 Summary Quiz

35. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 7. If you increase the frequency in a parallel RC circuit, a. the total admittance will decrease b. the total current will not change c. the phase angle between I R and I S will decrease d. none of the above Ch.10 Summary Quiz

36. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 8. The magnitude of the admittance in a parallel RC circuit will be larger if a. the resistance is larger b. the capacitance is larger c. both a and b d. none of the above Ch.10 Summary Quiz

37. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 9. The maximum power factor occurs when the phase angle is a. 0 o b. 30 o c. 45 o d. 90 o Ch.10 Summary Quiz

38. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 10. When power is calculated from voltage and current for an ac circuit, the voltage and current should be expressed as a. average values b. rms values c. peak values d. peak-to-peak values Ch.10 Summary Quiz

39. DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach Thomas L. Floyd © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. d 8. d 9. a 10. b Ch.10 Summary Answers