1. C AL. S TANDARDS R EVIEW BM 1 Q1

2. T HE ELASTIC CLAUSE GIVES THE GOVERNMENT “ FLEXIBILITY ” WHEN THEY ARE MAKING DECISIONS. I T ALLOWS CONGRESS TO MAKE LAWS TO REFLECT CHANGING CONDITIONS. T HE L OUISIANA P URCHASE IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ELASTIC CLAUSE. J EFFERSON DECIDED TO PURCHASE L OUISIANA BECAUSE HE FELT UNEASY ABOUT F RANCE AND S PAIN HAVING THE POWER TO BLOCK A MERICAN TRADE ACCESS TO THE PORT OF N EW O RLEANS. N EW O RLEANS Elastic Clause and the Louisiana Purchase 11.1.2

3. T HE ARTICLES FAILED BECAUSE THEY DID NOT GIVE ENOUGH POWER TO THE GOVERNMENT TO DEAL WITH EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OR TAXES. L ACKED A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. THE STATES ACTED COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER. ACTING FOR THEIR BEST INTEREST AND NOT THAT OF THE STATES AS A WHOLE. The Articles of Confederation 11.1.1

4. The Great Compromise

5. T HE IDEAS OF THE E NLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCE THE COLONIST POLITICAL THOUGHT …. THEY BEGAN TO QUESTION THE MONARCHY …. T HEY WANTED A NEW COUNTRY AND NEW GOVERNMENT. T HEY USED R EASON ( WHAT MAKES SENSE ) TO CREATE A NEW LIFE IN THE USA. Enlightenment

6. J OHN L OCKE ’ S I DEAS N ATURAL RIGHTS CANNOT BE TAKEN AWAY, THEY ARE GIVEN TO YOU BY G OD ….. L IFE, L IBERTY, AND THE P URSUIT OF H APPINESS Natural Rights

7. M ONTESQUIEU ’ S I DEAS : A SUCCESSFUL GOVERNMENT REQUIRED S EPARATION OF P OWERS. Separation of Powers

8. M ANY CITIZENS BELIEVED THE CONSTITUTION DID NOT PROTECT IT ’ S PEOPLE FROM THE G OVERNMENT, SO THE B ILL OF R IGHTS WERE ADDED Bill of Rights

9. C ITY ON A H ILL B ELIEVERS G ODS PLAN FOR HIS CHURCHES COULD BE SUCCESSFULLY REALIZED IN THE A MERICAN WILDERNESS. F REEDOM TO PRACTICE RELIGION TOLERANCE FOR ALL C HRISTIANS Anyone not part of a Jesus based religion

10. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.  Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.  Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

11. Freedmen’s Bureau School

12. 13 th Amendment  Ratified in December, 1865.  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

13. Slavery is Dead?

14. Black Codes  Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.  Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

15. Sharecropping

16. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing MerchantTenant FarmerLandowner  Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.  Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest.  Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.  Plants crop, harvests in autumn.  Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.  Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt.  Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

17. 14 th Amendment  Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power. * Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.  Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

18. Black & White Political Participation

19. Blacks in Southern Politics  Core voters were black veterans.  Blacks were politically unprepared.  Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.  The 15 th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.

20. 15 th Amendment  Ratified in 1870.  The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.  The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.  Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!