1. LET’S PLAY THE REVIEW GAME! (a.k.a how much did you forget this summer?)

2. LIGHTNING REVIEW!! ONs What’s an ON? Why do we do ONs? (in other words, why is Vershon making us do manual labor when he’s already got the cDNA sequence??)

3. Were you right? Purpose of an overnight is to amplify cDNA (for use in minipreps) – transforming plasmids with inserts into bacteria is a convenient way to get clones of specific insert Vershon can’t sequence the cDNA directly because… He needs more copies He needs to make sure the cDNA insert is worth sequencing

4. Million Dollar Question: Which colony should I pick??

5. “A” is for A+ We pick white colonies for a reason Two kinds of plasmids present:

6. Then what? Suspend colonies in 2mL of LB Amp (ampicillin to select for transformed bacteria) Incubate overnight at 37˚C to allow bacteria to proliferate Vigorous shaking to aerate culture and maintain max surface area

7. Everybody <3 PCR! Purpose? To amplify the insert DNA even further to get a good band in a gel, like so:

8. 2π is the magic number! …Actually it’s 360 bp. If an insert is <360 bp long, it’s not worth sequencing. What you need Nucleoside Triphosphates Forward and Reverse Primers Taq Polymerase The DNA

9. Lightning Review!! PCR details 1. Initial Denaturation 1. 94˚C for 5 minutes Lyse cells, separate DNA strands 2. Amplification 1. 94˚C for 30 seconds 2. 52˚C for 30 seconds (anneal primers) 3. 72˚C for 1 minute (nucleotides added) 4. Rinse, Lather and Repeat … 30 times 3. Additional Elongation 1. 72˚C for 5 minutes Ensures all DNA strands are full length

10. Gel Electrophoresis: Pretty straightforward + -

11. Priming you on Primers

12. Determining Insert Size – pop quiz!

13. Minipreps Purpose To purify the DNA for sequencing

14. Schematic Overview Supernat ant = just LB amp Degrades RNA Lysis buffer, NaOH; denatures all double strands Plasmids to renature; net

15. Restriction Digests Purpose: To verify the size of the insert Restriction enzymes = molecular scissors that cut the DNA at specific sites We use restriction enzyme PvuII; two sites where PvuII can cut: How many bands would you expect to see in the uncut lane?

16. Digest this! 10.0 µl of DNA The two most important rules in enzymes Always keep enzymes on ice or in a cooler. Always use a fresh tip when pipetting from the enzyme stocks.

17. Verifying the Size of the Insert We know the size of the plasmid vector: 2900 bp We know the total bp upstream and downstream the insert after cutting 700 bp Rule of thumb – subtract 700 from the smallest band on a gel

18. Example 1200 bp 400 bp 2900 bp

19. What happened?

20. Do they agree?

22. QUESTIONS?