1. A cladogram show how species and higher taxa are related to one another by showing how evolutionary lines, or linages evolved and branched off from common ancestors over time. See page 517 Key Points of 18.2 and 18.3 Cladograms & Domains

2. Scientists use genetic similarities to group organisms and the following characteristics: – Cell type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) – Cell walls (present or lacking) – Body type (unicellular or multicellular) – Mode of nutrition (autotrophic or heterotrophic) How are domains and kingdoms defined?

3. KingdomsDomains – 1. EubacteriaBacteria – 2. ArchaebacteriaArchaea – 3. Protista – 4. Plantae – 5. Fungi Eukarya – 6. Animalia Kingdoms and Domains

4. Bacteria are prokaryotes that have strong cell walls and unique genetic systems. They are the most abundant on Earth and found in almost every environment. Domain Bacteria Cell TypeCell WallsBody TypeMode of Nutrition ProkaryoticPresent with peptidoglycan UnicellularAutotrophic or heterotrophic

5. Archaea are prokaryotes with chemically unique cell walls and membranes and unique genetic system. Many are extremophiles, which means they can live in extreme environments like hot springs where others can’t survive. Domain Archaea Cell TypeCell WallsBody TypeMode of Nutrition ProkaryoticNo peptido- glycan UnicellularAutotrophic or heterotrophic

6. Eukaryotes are made up of cells that have a nucleus and multiple chromosomes. Most have life cycles with sexual reproduction. Domain Eukarya KingdomCell WallsBody TypeMode of Nutrition Protista Aka algae Some species with cell walls Unicellular or multicellular Autotrophic or heterotrophic FungiCell walls with chitin Mostly multicellular Heterotrophic PlantaeCell walls with cellulose Mostly multicellular Autotrophic AnimaliaNo cell wallsMulticellularHeterotrophic