1. Photosynthesis

2. I.Photosynthesis A.Process that traps light energy & uses it for carbohydrate synthesis. B.Phototrophs - both plants and bacteria

3. C. 2 major processes 1. light rxns (light-dep. rxns): protons from H 2 O make ATP from ADP and P i & electrons from H 2 O reduce NADP + to NADPH. a. H 2 O is split H goes to dark rxn

4. b. ATP: adenosine triphosphate c. ADP: adenosine diphosphate d. NADP + : nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate e. NADPH: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

5. 2. Dark rxns (light-independent rxns): uses NADPH & ATP in carbon update. a. meaning: C from CO 2 & H comes from light rxn  CHO

6. 3. Both can occur during daylight 4. Overall chemical equation: 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 light

7. II. Chloroplast

8. A. Thylakoid Membrane 1. highly folded membrane network a. highly permeable to CO 2

9. 2. Site of light dependent rxn that produce NADPH & ATP

10. B. Stroma 1. Aqueous matrix 2. enzymes that catalyze reduction of CO 2 to CHO 3. site of dark rxn

11. C. Lumen 1. aqueous space within thylakoid membrane 2. ATP synthesis

12. D. Grana 1. thylakoid membrane folded into flattened vesicles & stacked

13. Parts of the chloroplasts Grana- stacks of Thy. Membrane Stroma (fluid) Thylakoid Membrane: sac that contains chlorophyll Lumen (fluid)

14. E. Chlorophyll 1. Chl a & Chl b 2. absorbs light in violet/blue to orange/red region 3. Reflects green

15. F. Accessory pigments 1. carotenoids: yellow - brown 2. phycobilins a. phycoerythrin: red b. phycocyanin: blue

16. III.Light –Dependent Rxns (p. 233) A. Sunlight excites chlorophyll via antenna complexes B. Passes energy to electron C. Electron pass down Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – twice

17. 1.As electrons “fall” lose energy a. Energy trapped in ATP D. Electron passed to carrier molecule – NADP + E. Combine with H ion from H 2 0 – NADPH

18. F. Photosystems 1. Electrons which are excited by a photon of light have one of four fates: a. fall to normal state releasing energy as heat

19. b. fall to normal state releasing energy as fluorescent light c. transfer energy to another pigment molecule d. oxidation/reduction rxnor a separation of charge

21. 2. Photosystem II a. located in grana & unstacked region b. splits molecules of H 2 O into 1/2 O 2, 2H, and 2 electrons – photolysis

22. c. chemiosmosis theory: electrons are transported down the ETC, some of the energy released is used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma of the chloroplast to the thylakoid interior space producing a proton gradient or proton motive force

23. d. ATP made from ADP + P i

24. 3. Photosystem I a. unstacked region of T.M. b. electron falls down ETC & combines with 2H + from the surrounding medium and NADP + to produce NADPH + H +.

26. 4. Z – scheme: PII & PIZ – scheme

27. IV. Light independent rnxs A. Use CO 2 to make glucose B. Stroma C. Calvin Cycle (p. 235) 1. Melvin Calvin

28. 2. one of last molecule is 1 st in rxn 3. 6 rounds to get 1 glucose a. CO 2 ≠ C 6 H 12 O 6

29. D. 5 Steps 1. carbon fixation 2. PGA formation 3. Use of ATP & NADPH 4. Glucose production 5. ATP & PGAL replenish RuBP (ribulose biphosphate)

30. E. Drawing & description p. 235 animation