2. Press after Independence: Imroz & Kohistan  Imroz – Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Chiragh Hassan Hasrat contributed to it.  Kohistan – Nasim Hijazi. Experimented with off set & Lithotype processes of printing.  Drawbacks of lithotype printing were that could not print pictures.  Photo-journalism started in 1953 with Lithotype.  1953 – Communal Riots  1957 – media were free  1960 - most of the magazines were replaced by Digests  Progressive Papers Ltd. – Published Lail o Nehar, Pakistan Times

3. Press after Independence  Literary personalities were affiliated, started progressive movement in Literature.  Ayub – took control, imposed Martial Law. Govt took over Progressive papers ltd.  Two independent News agencies were working, APP & PPI.  Ayub Khan banned International news agencies to distribute News directly to Media.  Press restrictions 1960 – 1963  National Press Trust took over 60% newspapers  1963 – Press Laws reformed without much flexibility  No commercial support to anti –government newspapers

4. Ayub 1958 – 1969; Press restrictions & Ayub’s Period  Newspapers acquired dominant political tone  Decline in the readership motivated newspapers to publish different supplements on sports, women & youth. Gradual shift in focus  Imroz was the first to hire a woman reporter  Innovation in feature writing, features with pictures – social cultural aspect  Newspapers with film pages & film bulletins started their publication from different cities

5. Set-back by television  1964 – PTV television started and most of the writers shifted their attention to TV channels for paid content writing  Most of the newspapers were covering governments point of view  Government focus was on the masses to make them produce a homogenized reaction through newspapers  Newspapers did not have a public at that time. Public emerged through an effort.

6. Yahya’ s regime 1969 - 1970  General Yahya agreed to all demands  Revived Parliamentary system, revival of trade & student unions  Announced elections of May 1969  Political parties launched their campaigns  Newspapers of Pakistan did not show any sense of responsibility, they reported speculations, rumors & blames of political parties

7. PPO: Press & Publication Ordinance  Had not been used by Yahya’s govt., a mushroom growth of newspapers was seen.  Most of the newspapers resumed their publication  Politically biased reporting  Question of liberty with responsibility

8. National Press trust: General Elections  Excessively emphasized that Rightist could win the elections  Results of the election were different  Newspapers created an impression that Awami League could never win the elections, same was the case with Peoples party  One-sided stance of newspapers  Keeping in view most of the political parties started their own newspapers  PPP – Musawat  Jamat e Islami – Jasarat  Azad was given a lot of credit for fair reporting

9. Expected Role of Media during 1971 Crisis  Common language of communication.  English language barrier  English dailies from Bengal  Pakistan Observer – Dhakka  Morning News - Dhakka  Dawn – West Pakistan  Pakistan Times - West Pakistan  Area of influence was very small

10. Expected Role of Media during 1971 Crisis  Never talked about the demands from East Bengal. Never gave just coverage & never projected true picture  Demand of official language  Exploitation of rights of representation in one unit  Ban on Awami League during 1970  Military operation  Mukti Bani Movement (Liberation front

11. Newspapers after 1971  After 1971 – media used as PR tool. Spokesperson for national interests & Development communication  Reported : Pessimism, economic crisis  Yahya handed over the government to Bhutto, leader of largest political party PPP

12. Newspapers stance at the fall of Dhaka