1. Note Sheet 17 – Uses of Microorganisms

2. What is a microorganism? Microorganism – a single-celled organism too small to see without the use of a microscope Microorganism – a single-celled organism too small to see without the use of a microscope Bacteria and yeast are examples of microorganisms Bacteria and yeast are examples of microorganisms

3. Yeast – a eukaryotic, single-celled fungus that gets energy by fermenting sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide releasing 2 ATP for cell use Yeast – a eukaryotic, single-celled fungus that gets energy by fermenting sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide releasing 2 ATP for cell use

4. Some bacteria get energy by fermenting sugars into lactic acid which releases 2 ATP for cell use Some bacteria get energy by fermenting sugars into lactic acid which releases 2 ATP for cell use

5. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Humans take advantage of the lactic acid or the alcohols/carbon dioxide produced in the fermentation process that bacteria and yeast cells perform Humans take advantage of the lactic acid or the alcohols/carbon dioxide produced in the fermentation process that bacteria and yeast cells perform

6. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Lactobacillus bacteria ferments lactose in milk into lactic acid – the lactic acid gives the milk a sour taste and causes it to clump together forming yogurt Lactobacillus bacteria ferments lactose in milk into lactic acid – the lactic acid gives the milk a sour taste and causes it to clump together forming yogurt

7. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Lactobacillus will ferment skim milk into buttermilk and cream into sour cream Lactobacillus will ferment skim milk into buttermilk and cream into sour cream

8. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Bacteria are used in the production of cheeses Bacteria are used in the production of cheeses EX Swiss cheese is made by adding cultures of the bacteria S. thermophilus, Lactobacillus and P. shermani to warm milk. P. shermani consumes the lactic acid excreted by the other types of bacteria and, in turn, produces carbon dioxide forming bubbles.

9. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Bacteria ferments the sugars in wine to create vinegar Bacteria ferments the sugars in wine to create vinegar

10. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Bacteria ferments the juices of the cucumber helping to create the flavors of dill pickles Bacteria ferments the juices of the cucumber helping to create the flavors of dill pickles

11. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Some bacteria DNA has been changed by scientists so that the bacteria produce human substances like insulin and growth hormone Some bacteria DNA has been changed by scientists so that the bacteria produce human substances like insulin and growth hormone

12. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Botox is a poison produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria that can kill you – it is used cosmetically to paralyze small muscles around the eyes preventing wrinkles from forming Botox is a poison produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria that can kill you – it is used cosmetically to paralyze small muscles around the eyes preventing wrinkles from forming

13. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Yeast ferments sugars in bread dough creating carbon dioxide gas which causes bread to rise Yeast ferments sugars in bread dough creating carbon dioxide gas which causes bread to rise

15. The holes in the bread are made by bubbles of CO 2 in the dough The holes in the bread are made by bubbles of CO 2 in the dough The alcohol produced by the yeast boils away in the oven The alcohol produced by the yeast boils away in the oven Honey Wheat Sandwich Bread

16. Rustic Bread

17. Italian Bread

18. French Bread

19. Ciabatta Bread

20. Plain and Sesame Bagels

21. Cinnamon Raisin Bagels

22. Marble Rye Bread

23. Casatiello Bread

24. Sourdough Bread

25. Pane Siciliano (Sicilian Bread)

26. Oatmeal Bread

27. Pizza

28. Pita Bread

29. Soft Pretzels

30. Bretzel (Bavarian Pretzel) Rolls

31. Hard Rolls (Kaiser Rolls)

32. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Yeast ferments sugars in grape juice into ethanol creating wine Yeast ferments sugars in grape juice into ethanol creating wine

33. What are some human uses of microorganisms? Yeast ferments the sugars from malted grains into ethanol during the production of beer Yeast ferments the sugars from malted grains into ethanol during the production of beer