1. CORTEX

2. CEREBRAL CORTEX Wrinkled Thin Layered Interconnected Plastic ( consider vs brainstem)

3. Layered

4. Many ways to organize brain We will adopt the most traditional and simplest:

5. Cortical hemispheres

6. Corpus collosum

7. Hemispheres-Corpus collusomectomy

8. The Roger

9. Testing hemispheric functional asymmetries Tachistoscopic studies Dichotic listening tasks Sodium amytal tests

10. T-scope approach

11. Functional asymmetries? Roughly 90% of right handers, and 70% of left handers

12. Popularized Ideas probably go too far- Left vs Right Prefer Classical Music Your Left-Brain controls the right side of your body Prefer things like instructions to be done verbally Good at math Like to read Follow Western Thought* Very Logical Dog lovers Don't enjoy clowning around Can't be hypnotized Usually remember things only specifically studied Need total quiet to read or study Like to read realistic stories Like to write non-fiction Prefer individual counseling Enjoy copying or tracing pictures and filling in details Also like to read action stories Usually rational Usually do things in a planned orderly way If you have to answer someone's question, you won't let your peronal feelings get in the way Good at algebra Can remember verbal material Almost never absent minded Like to tell stories but not act them out Can think better sitting down Like to be a music critic Attentive during long verbal explanations Prefer well structured assignments over open ended ones Read for specific details and facts Skilled at sequencing ideas Likes to be Organized Prefer rock music Right brain controls left side of body Prefer visual instructions with examples Good at sports Good at art Follow Eastern thought* Cat lovers Enjoy clowning around Can be hypnotized Like to read fantasy and mystery stories Can listen to music or TV while studying Like to write fiction Prefer group Fun to dream about things that will probably never happen Enjoy making up own drawings and images Good at geometry Like organizing things to show relation Can memorize music Occasionally absentminded Like to act out stories Enjoy interacting affectively with others Think better when lying down Become restless during long verbal explanations Enjoy creative storytelling Prefer to learn through free exploration Good at recalling spatial imagery Read for main details Skilled in showing relationships between ideas Preference for summarizing over outlining Solve problems intuitively Very Spontaneous and unpredictable

13. More reasonable assertions based on data Left hemisphere- analytical, rational, verbal, reading, writing,math Right Hemisphere- Intuitive, feeling, spatial processing, nonverbal, music

14. LOBES

15. LOBES- gyri and sulci

16. OCCIPITAL LOBE primary visual processing-more later

17. Temporal Lobes Primary auditory cortex  Hearing  Understanding language (receptive language)  Higher visual processing

18. TEMPORAL LOBES-superior temporal gyri

19. Almost like a sound recorder-highly organized neural responses to sound

20. Temporal lobe and speech- Werniche’s area - Werniche’s apahsiaWerniche’s apahsia

21. Parietal Lobes

22. Parietal Lobe  Primary somatosensory cortex  Visuo-spatial processing

23. Primary Somatosensory Ctx The sensory homunculus The “post central gyrus”

24. Your little guy

25. RX for Phantom limb- awareness arises from cortex independently of reality.

26. Somatosagnosias- perception of reality depends on CTX Unilateral neglect anosagnosias

27. FRONTAL LOBES

28. Frontal Lobe functions Volitional behavior Speech Inhibition of impulses Self-control/temptations Self-initiative Planning/anticipation Self-monitoring Awareness (abilities and limitations) Attention Mental flexibility Problem solving Complex Judgments/goal setting Source monitoring Self-identity Copying Working memory Temporal memory- sequencing Emotion

29. Primary motor cortex- precentral gyrus more later

30. Speech ccts

31. Speech ccts- Brocas area and Broca’s apahsiaBroca’s apahsia

32. Suppression of Impulses Some scientists contend that the prefrontal cortex normally acts to suppress or act upon urges or impulses perhaps by communicating with other brain areas that mediate fear and aggression, such as the amygdala.

33. Testing frontal lobe Health- the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST)

35. HYPOFRONTALITY? Perseveration- a lack of mental flexibility

36. WHY?- the unfortunate story of Egas Moniz and Walter Freeman The Prefrontal lobotomy and the trans-orbital leucotomy

38. Can you believe it?