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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

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Presentation on theme: "PROTEIN SYNTHESIS."— Presentation transcript:

1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

2 What is Protein Synthesis?
How your cell makes very important proteins

3 Why are Proteins Important?
Well, for starters, you are made of proteins. 50% of the dry weight of a cell is protein of one form or another. Meanwhile, proteins also do all of the heavy lifting in your body: digestion, circulation, immunity, communication between cells, motion-all are made possible by one or more of the estimated 100,000 different proteins that your body makes.

4 The production (synthesis) of proteins.
3 phases: 1. Transcription 2. RNA processing 3. Translation DNA  RNA  Protein

5 DNA  RNA  Protein Eukaryotic Cell DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Protein
Nuclear membrane Transcription RNA Processing Translation DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Protein Eukaryotic Cell

6 Before making proteins, Your cell must first make RNA
Question: How does RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

7 RNA differs from DNA 1. RNA has a sugar ribose
DNA has a sugar deoxyribose 2. RNA contains uracil (U) DNA has thymine (T) 3. RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double-stranded

8

9 1. Transcription Eukaryotic Cell
Then moves along one of the DNA strands and links RNA nucleotides together. Nuclear membrane Transcription RNA Processing Translation DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Protein Eukaryotic Cell

10 1. Transcription (mRNA production)
RNA molecules are produced by copying part of DNA into a complementary sequence of mRNA This process is started and controlled by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. A U G C mRNA start codon

11 1. Transcription DNA pre-mRNA RNA Polymerase

12 Question: DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’

13 Types of RNA Three types of RNA: A. messenger RNA (mRNA)
B. transfer RNA (tRNA) C. ribosome RNA (rRNA) Remember: all produced in the nucleus!

14 mRNA Carries instructions from DNA to the rest of the ribosome.
Tells the ribosome what kind of protein to make Acts like an from the principal to the cafeteria lady. A U G C mRNA start codon

15 A. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Primary structure of a protein A U G C aa1 aa2
start codon codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 codon 1 methionine glycine serine isoleucine alanine stop codon protein Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 peptide bonds

16 If the cell is La Serna… The Nucleus is the school office
The DNA is the principal Ribosomes are the cafeteria ladies mRNA is the from the principal to the cafeteria lady

17 rRNA tRNA Part of the structure of a ribosome
Helps in protein production tRNA A go-getter. Gets the right parts to make the right protein according to mRNA instructions

18 B. Transfer RNA (tRNA) methionine amino acid attachment site
U A C anticodon methionine amino acid

19 2. RNA Processing Eukaryotic Cell DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Protein
Nuclear membrane Transcription RNA Processing Translation DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Protein Eukaryotic Cell

20 2. RNA Processing Introns are pulled out and exons come together.
End product is a mature RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Introns bad…… Exons good!

21 2. RNA Processing pre-RNA molecule intron exon exon exon
splicesome exon Mature RNA molecule

22 Ribosomes Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA A U G C Small subunit

23 3. Translation - making proteins
Nuclear membrane Transcription RNA Processing Translation DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Protein Eukaryotic Cell

24 3. Translation Three parts: 1. initiation: start codon (AUG)
2. elongation: 3. termination: stop codon (UAG) Let’s make a PROTEIN!!!!.

25 3. Translation Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA A U G C Small subunit

26 Initiation G aa2 A U U A C aa1 A U G C U A C U U C G A codon 2-tRNA
anticodon A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

27 Elongation peptide bond G A aa3 aa1 aa2 U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U
3-tRNA G A aa3 aa1 aa2 1-tRNA 2-tRNA anticodon U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

28 Ribosomes move over one codon
aa1 peptide bond 3-tRNA G A aa3 aa2 1-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

29 peptide bonds G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G
4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

30 Ribosomes move over one codon
peptide bonds 4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

31 peptide bonds U G A aa5 aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G
5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

32 Ribosomes move over one codon
peptide bonds U G A 5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

33 Termination aa5 aa4 aa3 primary structure of a protein aa2 aa1 A C U C
terminator or stop codon 200-tRNA A C U C A U G U U U A G mRNA

34 End Product The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein. A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds. aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa200 aa199

35 Question: The anticodon UAC belongs to a tRNA that recognizes and binds to a particular amino acid. What would be the DNA base code for this amino acid?

36 Answer: tRNA - UAC (anticodon) mRNA - AUG (codon) DNA - TAC

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