1. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Introduction
Improved yield in grape require balance application of nutrients in proper form. But continuous and imbalanced use of inorganic fertilizers affect the soil health as well yield by:
Affecting useful soil microbes and remains of chemical residue become toxic to plants and adversely affecting health of the grapevine.
Therefore, it is important to use chemical fertilizers judiciously to get higher yield without affecting soil health.
Essential plant nutrients play important role in metabolic activities of the plant. Hence, proper supply of nutrients is very much essential for better growth and yield of the grapevine.
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2. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Thus, it is important to have knowledge about the role and deficiency symptoms of different elements on grapevines. Therefore in this RLO you will learn the role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients on grape.
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3. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Role of calcium
Calcium is important in the assimilation of N and transport of carbohydrates and amino acids.
Calcium plays an important role in the structural functions in the cellular membranes and walls throughout the entire plant.
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4. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Role of calcium
Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant.
It also helps to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant. 
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5. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Role of magnesium
Magnesium occurs in the chlorophyll molecule and in enzymes that induce the formation of amino acids for protein synthesis.
It also participates in P transport within the plant.

6. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Role of sulphur
Sulphur is the principal component of amino acids and vegetable proteins.
It is an enzyme activator and participates in chlorophyll synthesis.

7. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of calcium
Deficiency of calcium decreased vine vigour and yield.
Excess calcium reduced the growth of root, shoot and leaves.

8. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of Magnesium
Young leaves become necrotic and mature leaves become chlorotic.
Interveinal chlorosis followed by necrosis become apparent from the beginning of chlorosis.
The chlorotic spot spread rapidly all over the blade and inward to the primary vein leaving only the inner half of the primary and secondary veins bordered by a normal green colour.

9. Role and deficiency symptoms of secondary nutrients in grape
Deficiency symptoms of sulphur
Very less work has been done on sulphur nutrition in India. It may be because natural unintentional supply of S from the soil organic matter and the use of S rich fertilizers.
Sulphur deficiency drastically decreases protein content in grape.