2. Eukaryotic cells true nucleus and organelles plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotes Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles bacteria

3.  Cell membrane -passage of materials into and out of the cell  Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA  Nucleolus – produces ribosomes  Mitochondria- cell energy  Ribosome- protein synthesis  Vacuole- cell storage  Lysosome- cell digestion

4.  Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis  Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion  Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall  Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis  Centrioles (animals only) - cell division  Cilia – short hair like structures  Flagella – long whip like tails

7.  All organisms are made up of one or more cells.  The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.  All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.

8.  Cell  Tissue – functioning group of cells  Organ – functioning group of tissues  Organ System – functioning group of organs  Organism – functioning group of organ systems

9.  Homeostasis  Steady State  Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your internal environment

10.  Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration  Hypertonic  Hypotonic  Isotonic  Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane

11.  Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy  Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion  Active Transport requires energy  Pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis

12. Elements Building Blocks UsesCarbohydratesEx-sugar,starchC,H,O Mono- saccharides Energy Lipids Ex-butter, oil C,H,O Fatty Acids & glycerol Energy Proteins Ex-meat, cheese C,H,O,N,S Amino Acids Structure, growth & repair Nucleic Acids Ex-DNA,RNAC,H,O,N,PNucleotides Genetic Information

13.  6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  Occurs in chloroplasts  Two parts:  Light reaction  Calvin cycle (dark reaction)

14.  Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.  Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate).

15.  The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy  Occurs in the mitochondria  Two types:  Aerobic – requires oxygen  Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy

16.  Inseparable cycles

17. The Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis PMAT Cytokinesis Somatic Cells

18. Reproductive Cells

19. ASEXUAL  Diploid cells produced by mitosis, binary fission  Identical copy produced SEXUAL  Gametes, haploid cells, produced by meiosis  Gametes combine during fertilization to produce diploid cell  First diploid cell known as a zygote  Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis  Infinite possibilities

20.  DNA - blueprint for life  Double helix  Nucleotides are the building blocks  Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and  4 bases:  Adenine - Thymine  Cytosine – Guanine  Copies itself by Replication

21. DNA  Deoxyribose  Thymine  Double stranded  Found only in nucleus RNA  Ribose  Uracil  Single stranded

22.  Transcription  mRNA copies the message from DNA in the nucleus  Translation  Forms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence

23.  A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a flower’s color may be red of white (trait).  An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.  Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.  Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.  A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype  A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).  PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.  GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.

24.  A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen when a male and a female reproduce.

25.  Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others  Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele  Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm

26.  Gene mutations – affect individual genes  Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different amino acid  Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different amino acid chain  Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosome  Duplication – extra chromosome  Deletion – missing chromosome  Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards  Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to another pair

27.  Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification  Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy  Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output

28.  Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to their environment also known as survival of the fittest  Evidence  Fossil record  Antibiotic resistance  Adaptations  Vestigial organs  Homologous structures  Embryonic development  Genetic makeup

29.  Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up  Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy  Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species  Aristotle first classified plants and animals  Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today

30.  Eubacteria – the earliest  Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes  Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista  Fungi – decomposers  Plantae – producers  Animalia – Invertebrates & Vertebrates

32. Individual Population Ecosystem

33. Population – group of a single species living in the same place Communities - group of interacting populations Ecosystem – the community and its environment Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities Biosphere – the circle of life

34.  Climate – temperature and rainfall  6 major biomes  Tundra  Coniferous Forest  Deciduous Forest  Grasslands  Desert  Tropical Rainforest

35.  Amount of light, oxygen and salinity  Lakes  Ponds  Wetlands ▪ Marshes ▪ Swamps ▪ Estuaries  Coral Reefs  Deep Ocean

36.  Food Chains – one path of energy flow  Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community

37.  Food  Space  Water  Air  Shelter

39. Saprovores or Carnivores Carnivores Herbivores or omnivores Herbivores

40.  Predation + - Predator kills the prey for food  Competition - - both compete for same resources  Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host  Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits  Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed

41.  Primary Succession: The process of creating life in an area where no life previously existed.  New volcanic islands, glacial retreat, rocks  Secondary Succession: The process of re- stabilization that follows a disturbance in an area where life has formed an ecosystem.  Abandoned farms, forest fires, volcanic eruptions

42. 1st year Horseweed dominant; crabgrass, pigweed 2nd year Asters dominant; crabgrass 3rd to 18th year Grass scrub community; broomsedge grass, pines coming in during this stage 19th to 30th year Young pine forest 30th to 70th year Mature pine forest; Understory of young hardwoods 70th to 100th year Pine to hardwood transition 100th year plus Climax oak- hickory forest