1. 1 Presented By Prof. Dr. Tharwat Messiha Farag Experimental Study of LPG Diffusion Flame at Elevated Preheated Air Temperatures Mechanical Power Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Port Said University Port Said, Egypt E-mail: faragtm@yahoo.comfaragtm@yahoo.com ++201222705234 Amer A. A., Gad H. M., IbrahimI. A., Abdel-Mageed S. I., Farag T. M. COMBUSTION GROUP

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3. 3 Combustion Heat(useful energy) Pollutants(NOx,CO and UHC) Domestic heating Power generation Boilers Furnaces Transportation Reduction by A highly Preheated Air Temperature and low-oxygen concentration Provide significant energy savings Reduce pollution and equipment size Uniform thermal characteristics within the combustion chamber Products

4. 4  Some of the previous investigator concerned with studying the combustion characteristics of gaseous fuel diffusion flame by changing air swirl number and air fuel mass ratio,.... (Mafra et al, Farag, T.M., Chigier, Merlo et al, Gassoumi and Said, Farag, A.I.)  Some of the previous investigator studied the effect of highly preheated air temperature with low oxygen concentrations on the characteristics of combustion ( Min Choi and Katsuki, Gupta, Yuan and Naruse, Lille et al, Seepana and Jayanti, Ishiguro et al )  Little of the previous researchers studied the preheated air with moderate temperature by using different air to fuel mass ratios and different air swirl numbers.  In the present study, the effect of the moderate preheated air temperature for different air fuel mass ratios and different air swirl numbers are investigated.

5. 5 Air to fuel mass ratio A/F =15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Air swirl number Preheated Air Temperature Excess Air Factor, λ =0.97, 1.23, 1.95, 2.60, and 3.25    S = 0.50, 0.87, and 1.50 T pr = 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 K Used Fuel LPG 60% (Propane) C 3 H 8 and 40%C 4 H 10 (Butane] …….

6. 6 Temperature distributions Visible flame length Volume of high temperatures region Exhaust species concentrations CO 2, CO, O 2, NO x Region of Temperatures larger than 1300K In Radial & Axial Directions Temperature Contours & Temperature Maps Emission of Index, EI of CO 2, CO, O 2, NO x Measured at the Combustor End Section

7. 7  Air line and air preheating unit  LPG fuel line  Burner head and its arrangement  Water cooled swirl type combustor The experimental test rig consists of:

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9. 9 Combustion Air Line and Preheating Air Unit

10. 10 Air Preheating Unit 1- Steel pipe 3- Electrical heaters 2- Insulation 4- Automatic electric switches

11. 11 A Photograph of Electrical heaters A photograph of Air preheating unit with and without insulation

12. 12 Water-cooled combustor

13. 13 Burner head Fuel Nozzle Air Swirler Fuel Nozzle Air Swirler

14. 14 Platinum and Platinum-Rhodium (13 %) bare wire thermocouple

15. 15 A photograph of experimental test rig

16. 16 Effect of Air to fuel mass ratio (15, 20,30, 40,and50) Air swirl number, S (0.5, 0.87, and 1.5) Preheated air temperature (300, 350, 400, 450, 500K) on Temperature distributions Visible flame length Volume of high temperatures region Exhaust species concentrations

17. 17 To clarify the effect of the studied parameters; Air to Fuel Mass Ratio, AFR Air Swirl Number, S Preheating Air Temperature, Tpr Therefore

18. 18 Temperature Distributions Effect of Air to fuel mass ratio (15, 20,30, 40,and50) Air swirl number, S (0.5, 0.87, and 1.5) Preheated air temperature (300, 350, 400, 450, 500K) on Temperature distributions S = 0.50, T=300 K S = 1.50, T=300 K

19. 19 AFR = 20AFR = 30 AFR = 40 AFR = 50 S = 0.50, T=300 K AFR = 15

20. 20 AFR = 20 AFR = 30 AFR = 40 AFR = 50 S = 1.50, T=300 K AFR = 15

21. 21 Temperature Distributions Effect of Air to fuel mass ratio (15, 20,30, 40,and50) Air swirl number, S (0.5, 0.87, and 1.5) Preheated air temperature (300, 350, 400, 450, 500K) on Temperature distributions AFR = 30, T=300 K AFR = 30, T=400 K

22. 22 S = 0.87 S = 1.5 Effect of swirl number on temperature distributions AFR = 30, T=300 K S = 0.50

23. 23 S = 0.87 S = 1.5 S = 0.50 AFR = 30, T=400 K

24. 24 Temperature Distributions Effect of Air to fuel mass ratio (15, 20,30, 40,and50) Air swirl number, S (0.5, 0.87, and 1.5) Preheated air temperature (300, 350, 400, 450, 500K) on Temperature distributions AFR = 30, S=0.50 AFR = 30, S=1.50

25. 25 T=350 K T=400 K T=450 K T=500 K AFR = 30, S=0.50 Effect of preheated air temperature on temperature distributions T = 300 K

26. 26 T=350 K T=400 KT=450 K T=500 K AFR = 30, S=1.50 T = 300 K

27. 27 Effect of Air to fuel mass ratio (15, 20,30, 40,and50) Air swirl number, S (0.5, 0.87, and 1.5) Preheated air temperature (300, 350, 400, 450, 500K) on Visible flame length xperimental Experimental Results

28. 28 Effect of air to fuel mass ratio on the flame length for different air swirl numbers

29. 29 Effect of air swirl number on flame length for different air to fuel mass ratios Effect of air swirl number on flame length for different preheated air temperature at AFR of 30 Effect of air swirl number on the flame length

30. 30 Effect of preheated air temperatures on flame length Effect of preheated air temperature on flame length for different air swirl number and air to fuel mass ratio of 30

31. 31 Effect of Air to fuel mass ratio (15, 20,30, 40,and50) Air swirl number, S (0.5, 0.87, and 1.5) on Volume of high temperatures region xperimental Experimental Results

32. 32  The volume of the high temperatures region is calculated for the temperature ranges of 1300 to 1600 K. Volume of High Temperatures Region Effect of preheated air temperature on the volume of the high temperatures region at different air swirl numbers and air to fuel mass ratio of 30

33. 33 Effect of Air to fuel mass ratio (15, 20,30, 40,and50) Air swirl number, S (0.5, 0.87, and 1.5) Preheated air temperature (300, 350, 400, 450, 500K) on Exhaust species concentrations

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36. 36  The flame size decreases and the high temperatures region shifts upstream and became very close to the burner.  The flame length decreases by about 64, 62, and 60% for air swirl numbers of 0.50, 0.87, and 1.50, respectively. Effect of Air to Fuel Mass Ratio Conclusions Effect of Air Swirl Number  The flame temperature levels increase and then consequently the volume of the high temperatures region also increases.  The highest value of the volume of the high temperatures region is about 9% of the combustor volume for air swirl number of 1.50 and AFR=15. Increasing the air to fuel mass ratio from 15 to 50: Increasing the air swirl number from 0.50 to 1.50:

37. 37 Effect of Air Preheated Temperature  The chemical reaction rate increases and then the time of combustion reduces which consequently leading to increasing the flame temperature levels and then in turn increasing the volume of the high temperatures region, and decreasing in the flame length.  The flame length is decreased by about 45, 42, and 26% for air swirl numbers of 0.50, 0.87, and 1.50, respectively.  The volume of the high temperatures region is increased by about 432% for S = 0.50  The highest volume value of the high temperatures region is about 18% of the combustor volume for air swirl number of 1.50 and preheated air temperature of 500 K.  The EINOx, EICO 2 and EIO 2 increase, while EICO decreases.  The highest reduction in EICO is 92% for air swirl number, S = 0.50  The highest increase in EINOx is 141% for air swirl number, S = 0.87 Increasing the preheated air temperature from 300 to 500 K:

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