2. Performance of Ignition Process P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Effectiveness of Ignition for Efficient Combustion …..

3. The Efficiency of Coil

4. The Minimum Spark Energy

5. Minimum Spark Energy The minimum energy required to ignite a air-fuel mixture. Effect of Various Parameters on MIE: Distance Between Electrodes Fuel Equivalence Ratio Initial Temperature Air Movement Any situation leading to unavailability of required MSE will create missing stroke/incomplete combustion stroke. This will reduce the fuel economy of SI engines.

6. The effect of the spark plug gap on the brake specific fuel consumption

7. The effect of spark energy on the brake specific fuel consumption

8. Other Ignition systems 1.Ignition By An Electrically Heated Wire 2.Ignition By Flame or Hot Jet 3.Plasma Jet Ignition 4.Photochemical Ignition 5.Microwave Ignition 6.Laser Ignition 7.Puff-jet Ignition

9. Laser Ignition The importance of the spark time scale on the flame kernel size and NOx production is well recongnized. A laser ignition source has the potential of improving engine combustion with respect to conventional spark plugs. A laser based ignition source, i.e. replacing the spark plug by the focused beam of a pulsed laser. Laser ignition, or laser-induced ignition, is the process of starting combustion by the stimulus of a laser light source. It was tried to control autoignition by a laser light source. The time scale of a laser-induced spark is by several orders of magnitude smaller than the time scales of turbulence and chemical kinetics.

10. The Concept of Laser Ignition

11. Arrangement and Control of Ingition Region

12. Phases in Laser Ignition The different phases of laser ignition can be defined in chronological order Electric breakdown and energy transfer from laser to plasma Shock-wave generation and propagation Gasdynamic effects Chemical induction of branching chain reactions of radicals leading to ignition Turbulent flame initiation

13. Time Scales in Laser Ignition

14. Selection of Wave Length

15. Effectiveness of Laser Ignition

16. Control of Ignition Region

17. Impact of Modern Methods on Engine Cycle

19. Ignition to Combustion Crank Angle,  Ignition Start of Combustion End of Combustion

20. Initial phase of combustion Pictures of the initial phase of combustion show an initially quasi-spherical, relatively smooth flame kernel. Thus, one can assume the initial combustion to proceed in a quasi-laminar fashion, with the mass burning rate given by: Here,  u is the unburned gas density, A is the flame area defined at the cold flame front, and u nr is the stretched laminar burning velocity based on the rate of production of reacted gasof the initial phase of combustion show an initially quasi-spherical, relatively smooth flame kernel. Thus, one can assume the initial combustion to proceed in a quasi-laminar fashion, with the mass burning rate given by:

21. Flame Propagation & Combustion in SI Engine Flow

22. Phases in Flame Development Mass fraction burned Flame development angle  d – crank angle interval during which flame kernal develops after spark ignition. Rapid burning angle  b – crank angle required to burn most of mixture Overall burning angle - sum of flame development and rapid burning angles CA

23. Mixture Burn Time How does the flame burn all the mixture in the cylinder in the time available, especially at high engine speeds? B S l : Laminar Flame velocity It is impossible to build an engine which runs more than 100 rpm with laminar flames !!!!

24. Laminar Flame Speed Laminar flames in premixed fuel, air, residual gas mixture are characterized by laminar flame speed S l fuel mm B m (cm/s) B   cm/s  Methonol1.1136.9-140.5 Propane1.0834.2-138.7 Isooctane1.1326.3-84.7 Gasoline1.2130.5-54.9

25. Need for Turbulent Flow High speed engines are possible only due to turbulent combustion. The turbulent flow field in an engine plays important role in determining its combustion characteristics and thermal efficiency. Automotive engineers have learned that changes in the combustion chamber shape and inlet system geometry, both of which change the turbulent flow field, influence emissions, fuel economy and the lean operating limit of an engine. Most of this knowledge has been obtained on specific engines through direct experimentation or from global measurements. As it result there exist no general scaling laws to predict the combustion and emission characteristics of an engine.