1. Activity 1.E.4: Proffessional training and specialist knowledge-gaining Training on off-season vegetable and seedling production techniques and technologies

2. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 2 Method of raising and transplanting plants  Direct seeding  Seedling production Pricking out seedlings Direct seeding into pots

3. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 3 Direct seeding  The seeds will be seeded directly on the field  Field has to be prepared  Seeding in line  The distance between the seeds depends on the types of vegetable  3-4 weeks longer until the harvest

4. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 4 Seedling production The benefit of a seedling production:  To optimize the up growth of he seedling  Homogeneous growth  Saving of space  The time from planting until harvest is much shorter than time from drilling until the harvest

5. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 5 Pricking out seedlings  First the seeds will be seeded in boxes for the plant cultivation  After 10 -14 days, the seedlings will be pricking out into pots  Selection of homogeneous plants  The time of plant cultivation depends on the time of the year

6. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 6 Direct seeding into pots  Different types of peat bales  Speedy  Different Pot systems

7. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 7 planting in spring  Start to plant or to seed out in the open land depends on the weather and the temperature  Possible in the middle of March  Field should be dry enough  After planting, the plants should be watered

8. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 8 Technique for planting

9. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 9 Possible vegetable crops  Different kinds of lettuce From the beginning of March  Cauliflower From the middle of March  Kohlrabi From the beginning of March  Fennel From the middle of March

10. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 10 Protecting the plants  Against cold temperatures at the beginning of spring  Using foil or fleece  Both together  benefit: Faster growth Earlier harvest (or longer in autumn) Less damage due to cold temperature guaranteed yield and increased quality Less insects

11. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 11 Possibilities of using foil and fleece  Mulching sheet  Flat film with foil or fleece  Mini-tunnel for bed  Low tunnel  High tunnel (walkable)  Foil greenhouse  (single or venlo type)

12. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 12 Working with foil and fleece  Using one foil or fleece

13. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 13 Working with foil and fleece  Using two foils or fleeces

14. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 14 Mulching sheet  an other possibility to use foil  Protects the plants from weed  Soil get earlier warm in Spring  Longer water holding capacity  Higher quality of the crops especially in lettuce

15. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 15 Rotation of crops  It is important for the health of the plants  not the same crops from the same family one after the other  If it is possible change crop every year  Crop waiting time Cabbage: 3 years Onion: 5 years Carrots 5 years

16. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 16

17. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 17 Cauliflower  Planting: beginning of March until July  Harvest from May until oktober  Just every 2 to 4 years on the same field (rotation of crops)  2 crops are possible

18. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 18 Cauliflower  Needs a lot of nutrients 300 kg N/ ha (0-60 cm) Minimum supply of 80 kg N/ ha by planting  Harvest residues: 30 dt/ha dry- matter 140-180 kg N  Mechanical weed control 2 or 3 times  Protect flower by buckling the leaves

19. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 19 Kohlrabi  Planting: March until July  Harvest from beginning of May until October  Because of the short growth stage a good preceding and catch crops

20. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 20 Kohlrabi  Needs also a lot of nutrients 230 kg N/ ha (0-60 cm) Minimum supply of 80 kg N/ ha by planting  Harvest residues: 10 dt/ha dry- matter 50 kg N  Taking free from weeds

21. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 21 Lettuce  Planting: beginning of March until beginning of September  Nearly the hole year possible  Harvest from May until October  Prefers crops with a lot of nutrient as preceding crops  Doesn‘t like itself as preceding crop

22. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 22 Lettuce  nutrients 130 kg N/ ha (0-30 cm) Minimum supply of 80 kg N/ ha by planting  Harvest residues: 5 dt/ha dry- matter 25 kg N  Taking free from weeds Hacking 2 to 3 times mechanically

23. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 23 Lamb‘s lettuce  Planting or sowing  August until September  Also possible in winter with foil or in a foil tunnel  Harvest from May until October  Doesn’t like fields with a lot of weeds  Doesn‘t like himself as preceding crop

24. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 24 Lamb‘s lettuce  Low level of nutrients 85 kg N/ ha (0-30 cm) Minimum supply of 80 kg N/ ha by planting  Harvest residues: insignificant  Taking free from weeds  Harvest: the whole plant

25. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 25 Tomatoes  Hard Young plants  Grafted plants  Varieties Cherry-Types Plum tomatoes  Resistances Korkroots Clavibacter

26. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 26 Cucumbers  Mini, Mid types  Grafting Strong Fast More Expensive Less Pests

27. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 27 Peppers, Sweet Peppers, Chilis  Big amount of Varieties  Big amount of Possibilities  Is there a market for Bell pepper?

28. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 28 Greenhouses, simple Tunnelsystem  Tunnel systems  Cheap  Movable  Simple  Venting systems  Basic production Lettuces, Radish Spinach, …

29. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 29 Improved Tunnel-Blocktypes  High constructions  Good for mechanising  Tomato, Cucumber, Peppers  The more air above the head, the better the climate  Side and roof venting systems  Strong constructions

30. find solutions. achieve success. assure future. Page 30 Glas- and Venlo types  Venlo  Hydro ponics  Heating  CO2  Energy screens  Computers