1. Zoo Enclosure Design The ‘Bear’ Facts

2. Carl Hagenbeck revolutionized zoo exhibitory by building his radically new “Tierpark” (Animal Park) His zoo was based on the concept of barless, moated exhibits Hagenbeck’s exhibits incorporated naturalistic simulations of geological landforms and bodies of water attempted to display animals in their naturally occurring social groups rather than the more typical “postage-stamp” collections of one or two animals

3. www.germany.travel

4. circusnospin.blogspot.com

5. Animals Public Keeping Staff Veterinary Staff Horticulture Staff Education Staff Maintenance Staff Design, Architecture and Art Companies Construction Companies Local Community Environment Zoo and financially interested groups Stakeholders in Design

6. Animal Requirements allow the animal to find food allow the animal to reach water allow the animal to conduct itself in ways that it might in the wild (hunt prey, avoid predators) gives the animal enough space and simulates its natural range allow for temperature and climate controls necessary for the animal's health

7. Animal Requirements allow the animal to find food allow the animal to reach water allow the animal to conduct itself in ways that it might in the wild (hunt prey, avoid predators) gives the animal enough space and simulates its natural range allow for temperature and climate controls necessary for the animal's health

8. allow the animal to find food and access water –Investigative behaviours – using senses to locate food –Accessibility – ease of access; position of animal; spatial dispersal of food; time spent eating –Food manipulation/capture –Processing of food – what it does to the food in order to ingest it –Access to water in appropriate setting

9. Animal Requirements allow the animal to find food allow the animal to reach water allow the animal to conduct itself in ways that it might in the wild (hunt prey, avoid predators) gives the animal enough space and simulates its natural range allow for temperature and climate controls necessary for the animal's health

10. Animal Requirements allow the animal to care for young allow the animal to deal with its young the way it does in the wild (teach them to hunt, teach them to fly) allow the animal to interact naturally with other animals it needs in order to survive and reproduce

11. Public Requirements Viewing Access Interpretation/Education Ethical Values Comfort Safety Immersion and Interaction Enjoyment/Entertainment Cultural and ethnic sensitivity

12. "Education must be fun". Interpretation must never be formal and "school-like". Pedagogical miscellany is a bore to the man on holiday" (Tilden 1977).

13. Zoo-design - Stage Setting (1) VET-functionalism (2) BIO-functionalism (3) DIORAMA-naturalism (4) TOTAL-naturalism

14. (1) VET-functionalism Easy cleaning of the enclosures and uncomplicated daily work routines are given top priority (stainless steel, tiles etc.). There is focused on the animals’ physical health and less or not at all on the mental health.

15. (2) BIO-functionalism All zoo-biological aspects are taken into consideration - the physical as well as the mental health. It is not attempted to reproduce the natural environment, it is only hinted. Occupation of the animals is highlighted, and to this end natural materials are widely used (real trunks to climb, ropes, different kinds of floor material etc.).

16. 3) DIORAMA-naturalism Attempts are made to create a naturalistic setting showing the animals' natural habitat within the frames of the enclosure by means of cliffs (often artificial), trees (often artificial), plants (real or artificial) etc. The veterinary aspects and the daily work routines in the enclosure (cleaning, feeding etc.) are taken into account, but they will have to adapt to the naturalistic enclosure design and not the other way round.

17. (4) TOTAL-naturalism Same principle as above, but the landscape illusion is extended to include the visitor area as well.

18. Realism Advances in synthetic material Care with application Visitor distraction because of discussions concerning authenticity Must not detract from appreciation of the animal in relationship to natural habitat

19. Landscape Immersion Place visitors inside the animal habitat, not animal into human habitat Visitor leaves familiar grounds of zoo and is immersed in a simulated habitat of animals, without separation Use of informal views Create surprise and false danger

20. Guidelines to Immersion Invent an exhibit scenario Immerse the visitor Conceal all distractions from the scenario Animals dominate the scene Control views Species integration

21. Cultural Resonance Humans live in or near every conceivable habitat Suggests the presence of people who live in or near habitats Contextually emphasises respect and value and involvement of other cultures whilst pursuing conservation Logical outgrowth of realism and immersion Must be consultative and correct But must not overpower the overall animal context

22. Enrichment/Activity based design First concern – animal welfare Must start early in discussion phase Enrichment should be through environmental means Enclosure should encourage species specific behaviour without reverting to objects of the human world

23. © Larry Sammons, Woodland Park Zoo

24. © Woodland Park Zoo

26. ©WCS, 1991

28. ©Zoo Hellabrunn, 1985

29. ©Fiby, 2000

30. ©Woodland Park Zoo, 1989

31. ©pja architects & landscape architects, p.s., 2002

32. © Larry Sammons, Woodland Park Zoo

33. © Woodland Park Zoo

34. © Dennis Conner, Woodland Park Zoo

35. © Woodland Park Zoo

37. ©WCS, 1991

41. ©Matzke, 1998

42. ©Allwetterzoo

43. ©Woodland Park Zoo, 1989

47. ©pja architects & landscape architects, p.s., 2002

48. ©Hellmut Teschner, 2004

51. ©Leisure & Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong, 2004

57. www.worldzootoday.com

58. ©Monika Fiby, 2003

60. ©Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 1999

63. ©Fiby, 2001

64. ©Werribee Open Range Zoo, 2001

65. ©Fiby, 2001

67. ©Zoo Hellabrunn, 1988

68. ©Zoo Hellabrunn, 1985

74. ©Alpenzoo, 2002

75. ©Fiby, 2000